Download PSYCH 3320- PSYCH OF MOTIVATION FINAL EXAM REVIEW and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYCH 3320: PSYCH OF MOTIVATION FINAL EXAM
REVIEW
Self-efficacy refers to... - Answers- beliefs about capabilities to succeed. What are the main elements of cognitive-choice theories? - Answers- Experiences and values. A fundamental assumption of growth theorists is that humans... - Answers- have a biological disposition to develop mastery. Skinner was able to demonstrate that the persistence of behavior depends upon... - Answers- schedules of reinforcement. According to the drive theory of Clark Hull... - Answers- a weak drive can activate a strong habit, and a strong drive can activate a weak habit. Need theorists became concerned as the number of supposed needs thought to underlie motivation steadily grew. This concern is thought to have been addressed by...
- Answers- person-environment interaction analysis. According to Maslow... - Answers- people are inclined to satisfy needs in a systematic (hierarchical) way. According to Freud, when goal objects have been blocked... - Answers- either the ego will make alternative plan or the energy may be redirected towards substitute goal objects. Which of the following is an implication of Darwin's theory? - Answers- That different principles govern human behavior than those that govern animal behavior. A central characteristic of people who self-regulate is that... - Answers- They reflect on what went right and what went wrong. Feelings... - Answers- Can influence the approach or avoidant direction of behavior. According to goal theory... - Answers- Goals create tension and provide the direction for behavior. Which of the following statements is correct? - Answers- Survival needs take precedence over mastery needs. Contemporary motivation theory assumes that all behavior represents an attempt to adapt. This illustrates a strong influence of ______ psychology on current thinking about motivation. - Answers- Evolutionary.
Sensation seekers tend to spend more time engaging in... - Answers- A poorly developed hot system. According to the hot/cool theory of delay of gratification, the failure of willpower is due to... - Answers- A poorly developed hot system. Jane is often describes as 'living for the moment'. She does what pleases her and often ends up in trouble because she gives little or no thought to possible negative consequences of her actions. Jane might be able to reduce her troubles if she learned how to increase her... - Answers- Self-monitoring. People who are high in ______ tend to engage in activities that have an immediate short-term appeal. - Answers- Impulsivity. One of the important elements of achievement and success is... - Answers- The ability to delay short-term gratification. John goes to visit the nurse every time his teacher starts to pass out an exam. This is an example of... - Answers- Negative reinforcement. You get a late charge on your credit card bill for paying the bill past the due date. This is an example of... - Answers- Positive punishment. When you enter your college classroom, your professor smiles at you. This is an example of... - Answers- Positive reinforcement. You forget to pay your parents for your insurance this month and they take away your internet privileges. This is an example of... - Answers- Negative punishment. According to the hot/cool theory delay of gratification, the hot system is under ______ control while the cool system is under ______ control. - Answers- Stimulus; self. Which of the following allows the hot system to take control? - Answers- Both faulty thinking and being in a stressful situation Which of the following best illustrates the idea that humans may have evolved to 'err on the side of caution? - Answers- Running when startled. According to current thinking... - Answers- Needs provide the direction of the behavior. At Walmart, you notice a mother gives her child a candy bar when the child cries. From the mother's perspective, which of the following is happening? - Answers- Negative reinforcement.
Within Piaget's theory, assimilation has to do with... - Answers- The processing or integration of information contained in the environment. Within Piaget's theory, accommodation has to do with... - Answers- The development of cognitive structures. Based upon the discussion in the text, humans are inclined to organize information according to certain rules, principles, and theories that give them the tendency to... - Answers- See the world as consistent and predictable and trust their cognitive structures even when they are no longer in harmony with the world. The beliefs, attitudes, and values that people hold... - Answers- Are both copied and constructed. Stereotypes often arise when people have... - Answers- Limited experience and no personal knowledge, but tend to rely on the beliefs of other people. _______ theory argues that we are motivated to process information in such a way as to maintain consistency between our beliefs, attitudes, and actions. - Answers- Cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance theory suggests... - Answers- People bring their cognitions (attitudes) in line with their behavior. According to attribution theory... - Answers- People are inclined to look for explanations of their actions. Nisbett and Schachter's experiment found that subjects given certain information (that a pill they took would produce autonomic arousal) tolerated shock levels four times as great as those not given that information. These results are thought to illustrate... - Answers- That cognitive factors do affect behavior. Internals perceive the cause of behavior... - Answers- Lies within themselves. Differences in ______ are thought to show that people are not equally sensitive to situational cues. - Answers- Self-monitoring. Why do people run? - Answers- Cognitive effects, biological effects, and psychological effects; all of the above. Running is an addiction. - Answers- False. What is empirical, peer reviewed research? - Answers- Research studies that have been reviewed by experts.
The consensus is that sexual behavior occurs in two major stages... - Answers- Nontactile followed by tactile. Based upon the study of Masters and Johnson, from a biological perspective, the male and female sexual responses... - Answers- Are remarkably similar to one another. According to Masters and Johnson, which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in the human sexual response? - Answers- Excitement, plateau, orgasmic, and resolution. According to Masters and Johnson, the clitoris... - Answers- Exists solely for the purpose of receiving and transforming sensual information. Sexual scripts tell young (preadolescent) boys and girls how they should react to and treat each other... - Answers- In nonsexual encounters. It has been suggested that females have more difficulty learning to coordinate or integrate sexual feelings into their sexual scripts because... - Answers- Fewer females masturbate in early adolescence. Based upon the discussion in the text, which of the following most likely accounts for why females tend to show less interest in sex than do males? - Answers- Females prefer stimulation while males prefer penetration. Based upon the discussion in the text, which of the following is most likely to be correct?
- Answers- Females are likely to prefer more 'foreplay' before sex than males. Attractiveness of females is considered to be a sign of... - Answers- Good health. Research has shown that high arousal... - Answers- Increases the attractiveness of an attractive person; increase the attractiveness of an attractive person and the unattractiveness of an unattractive person. Intimacy is a... - Answers- Learned skill. High sensation seekers are... - Answers- More inclined to engage in self-disclosure and to use self-disclosure to signal their sexual motives. Sternberg has suggested that love involves three components? - Answers- Passion, commitment, and intimacy. Which of the following is true of infatuated love? - Answers- It results when passion occurs alone. Which of the following is not true of homosexuality? - Answers- It is the results of poor psychological adjustments and it appears to be largely a matter of choice.
During what period of time were people more open to sexual conservations and a variety of sexual advantages? - Answers- 1050 - 1970. Fear-induced aggression is... - Answers- Aggressive behavior that occurs when an animal is confined (attack is usually preceded by an attempt to escape). Irritable aggression is... - Answers- Attack or destructive behavior directed towards any object as the result of frustration, pain, deprivation, or any other stressor. Territorial aggression is... - Answers- Threat or attack behavior when an intruder is discovered on home range territory, or submissive or retreat behavior when confronted while intruding. Instrumental aggression is... - Answers- Aggressive behavior that has previously resulted in a reward. Which of the following most closely approximates the traditional definition of aggression? - Answers- Behavior that involves the intention to physically harm another person. One of the main conclusions of the early laboratory research on aggression was... - Answers- Provoked. Early laboratory studies found that when people are the recipient of an... - Answers- Retaliate in like kind and number. When the threat for retaliation is high the tendency to initiate an aggressive... - Answers- Low. The idea that the intent to commit 'psychological harm' is a form of aggression is most closely associated with ______. - Answers- The newer concept of aggression. Toch has concluded that the physically aggressive criminal... - Answers- Is lacking the social skills necessary for controlling events. Testosterone has been linked to aggression in... - Answers- Males. Loss of social status has been shown to... - Answers- Produce decreased testosterone. According to LeDoux, the amygdala plays a key role in aggression. Among other things, the amygdala... - Answers- Can initiate actions before the thinking brain can fully comprehend the problem. According to social learning theory, differences in aggression are caused by... - Answers- Modeling and imitation.
Watching violence on television leads to increased aggression... - Answers- Both in children who are high in trait aggression and whose parents endorse violence. When deciding whether or not to take coercive actions, actors consider... - Answers- Costs and their level of skill. According to the model of coercive action, irrational aggression... - Answers- May occur because people have a limited capacity to process information which can lead to aggression based upon incomplete information. Alcohol, it has been argued,... - Answers- Is more likely to lead to coercive action. Retributive justice refers to the idea that... - Answers- People whose behavior deviates from the norm should be punished. ______ refers to the fair allocation of resources. - Answers- Distributive justice. According to the model of coercive action, a negative event is likely to lead to coercive action if it is... - Answers- Blameworthy. According to psychological control theory... - Answers- Violence is triggered by a threat to one's power. According to the model of youth violence in the text, ______ gives rise to hostility feelings. - Answers- Frustrated needs due to poverty. Hostile feelings that grow out of frustration... - Answers- Represent a choice point between conventional versus antisocial behavior. The integrated theory of crime assumes that people who commit crimes are... - Answers- Low in ability to control their impulsivity. Research (in connection with crime) indicates that... - Answers- Family structure predicts to crime. A form of high self-esteem called egotism... - Answers- Can lead to aggression. Terrorism results from... - Answers- Perceived injustice. What percentage of goal-directed behavior is automatic? - Answers- 95%. The forethought phase, performance phase, and reflective phase are an illustration of...
- Answers- A cyclical model of self-regulation.
In Western cultures, people are more likely to think of control in term of... - Answers- Active control. In Eastern cultures people are more likely to think of control in terms of... - Answers- Self-control. Self-control as opposed to active control refers to... - Answers- Reducing the impact of a stressor by engaging in some sort of self-control strategy such as relaxation or meditation. When people attempt to control situations that are essentially uncontrollable they experience... - Answers- High levels of stress. The tendency to initiate behaviors that can lead to the development of competence is rooted in... - Answers- Beliefs about out ability to control. According to Murray, the motive to achieve involves the desire... - Answers- To exercise power, to overcome obstacles, and to strive to do something difficult as well as and as quickly as possible. Multiplicatively with ______ and ______ to determine an individual's tendency to approach or avoid achievement related tasks. - Answers- Expectations; incentive values. Effectance motivation involves... - Answers- The tendency to explore and to learn about the order that is inherent in the environment. According to White's theory, the reward responsible for the development of competency is... - Answers- Feelings of efficacy. Feelings of efficacy occur, according to White, when an individual... - Answers- Knows he or she can affect the environment.
