Download Psychotherapy Techniques: Psychoanalysis, Humanistic, and Behavioral Approaches and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
PSYCH 1300 - Chapter 16
LOQ 16-
How do psychotherapy and the biomedical therapies differ? - ☑️ Psychotherapy is treatment involving psychological techniques that consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. The major psychotherapies derive from psychology's psychodynamic, humanistic, behavioral, and cognitive perspectives. Biomedical therapy treats psychological disorders with medications or procedures that act directly on a patient's physiology. An eclectic approach combines techniques from various forms of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy - ☑️ Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
Biomedical therapy - ☑️ Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly oon the person's physiology.
LOQ 16- What are the goals and techniques of psychoanalysis, and how have they been adapted in psychodynamic therapy? - ☑️ Through psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud tried to give people self-insight and relief form their disorders by bringing anxiety-laden feelings and thoughts into conscious awareness. Psychoanalytic techniques included using free association and interpretation of instances of resistance and transference. Psychodynamic therapy has been influenced by traditional psychoanalysis but differs from it in many ways, including little attention to the concepts of id, ego, and superego. This contemporary therapy is briefer, less expensive, and more focused on helping the client find relief from current symptoms, Psychodynamic therapists help clients understand how past relationships create themes that may be acted out in present relationships.
Resistance - ☑️ In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.
Interpretation - ☑️ In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.
Transference - ☑️ In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).
RP-
In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called __________. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories, indicating __________. The therapist will attempt to provide insight into the underlying anxiety by offering a(n) __________ of mental blocks. - ☑️ transference; resistance; interpretation
Psychodynamic therapy - ☑️ Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition; views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and seeks to enhance self-insight.
LOQ 16- What are the basic themes of humanistic therapy? What are the goals and techniques of Roger's person-centered approach? - ☑️ Both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies are insight therapies - they attempt to improve functioning by increasing people's awareness of motives and defenses. Humanistic therapy's goals include helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance; promoting personal growth rather than curing illness; helping people take responsibility for their own growth; focusing on conscious thoughts rather than unconscious motivations; and seeing the present and future as more important than the past. Carl Rogers' person-centered therapy proposed that therapists' most important contribution is to function as a psychological mirror through active listening and to provide a growth-fostering environment of unconditional positive regard.
Insight therapies - ☑️ Therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
Person-centered therapy - ☑️ A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques, such as active listening, within an accepting, genuine, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth.
Active listening - ☑️ Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and seeks clarification. A feature of Roger's person-centered therapy.
Unconditional positive regard - ☑️ A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
LOQ 16- How does the basic assumption of behavior therapy differ from the assumptions of psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? What classical conditioning techniques are used in exposure therapies and aversive conditioning? - ☑️
Behavior therapy - ☑️ Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors
RP-
Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide? - ☑️ If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned and replaced by other, more adaptive responses.
RP- Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are application of ___________ conditioning. Token economies are an application of _________ conditioning. - ☑️ classical; operant
LOQ 16- What are the goals and techniques of the cognitive therapies and of cognitive-behavioral therapy? - ☑️
Cognitive therapy - ☑️ Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) - ☑️ A popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavioral therapy (changing behavior).
RP- How do the humanistic and cognitive therapies differ? - ☑️ By reflecting people's feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping people become more self-aware and self-accepting. By making people aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide them toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.
RP- A critical attribute of the ____________ ____________ developed by Aaron Beck focuses on the belief that changing people's thinking can change their functioning. - ☑️ cognitive therapy
RP- What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address? - ☑️ This integrative therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, depressive disorders, bipolar disorders, ADHD, eating disorders and alcohol or other substance use disorders.
LOQ 16- What are the aims and benefits of group and family therapies? - ☑️ Group therapy sessions can help more people with less cost than individual therapy. Clients may benefit in person or online from exploring feelings and developing social skills in a group situation, from learning that others have similar problems, and from getting feedback on new ways of behaving.
Family therapy aims to help family members discover the roles they play within the family'd interactive social system, improve communication, and learn new ways to prevent or resolve conflicts.
Group therapy - ☑️ Therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, providing benefits from group interaction.
Family therapy - ☑️ Therapy that treats people in the context of their family system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
A therapist who helps clients search for the unconscious roots of their problem and offers interpretations of their behaviors, feelings, and dreams, is drawing from a. psychoanalysis b. humanistic therapies c. person-centered therapy d. behavior therapy - ☑️ a. psychoanalysis
____________ therapies are designed to help individuals discover the unconscious thoughts and feelings that guide their motivation and behavior. - ☑️ Insight
Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasize a. hidden or repressed feelings b. childhood experiences c. psychological disorders d. self-fulfillment and growth - ☑️ d. self-fulfillment and growth
A therapist who restates and clarifies the client's statements is practicing the technique of ___________ ____________. - ☑️ Active listening
The goal of behavior therapy is to a. identify and treat the underlying causes of the problem b. improve learning and insight c. eliminate the unwanted behavior d. improve communication and social sensitivity - ☑️ c. eliminate the unwanted behavior
Behavior therapies often use __________ techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli. - ☑️ counterconditioning
The technique of ___________ ____________ teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli. -
RP-
How might the placebo effect bias clients'a and clinicians' appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies? - ☑️ The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapists who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was.
LOQ 16- Are some psychotherapies more effective than others for specific disorders? - ☑️ No one type of psychotherapy is generally superior to all others. Therapy is most effective for those with clear-cut, specific problems. Some therapies - such as behavior conditioning for treating specific phobias or compulsions - are more effective for particular disorders. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies have been effective in coping with anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder, insomnia, and depression; behavioral conditioning therapies with specific behavior problems; psychodynamic therapy for depression and anxiety; and nondirective (client-centered) counseling for mild to moderate depression. Abnormal states tend to return to normal in their own, and the placebo effect can create the impression that a treatment has been effective. Evidence-based practice integrates the best available research with clinicians' expertise and clients' culture, values, personality identity, ad circumstances.
Evidence-based practice - ☑️ Clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.
RP- Therapy is most likely to be helpful for those with problems that __________ (are/are not) well- defined. - ☑️ are
RP- What is evidence-based practice - ☑️ When using an evidence-based approach, therapists make decisions about treatments based on research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the client.
LOQ 16- What three elements are shared by all forms of psychotherapy? - ☑️ All psychotherapies offer new hope for demoralized people; a fresh perspective; and (if the therapist is effective) an empathic, trusting, and caring relationship. The emotional bond of trust and understanding between therapist and client - the therapeutic alliance - is an important element in effective therapy.
Therapeutic alliance - ☑️ A bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem.
RP-
Those who undergo psychotherapy are ____________ (more/less) likely to show improvement than those who do not undergo psychotherapy. - ☑️ more
LOQ 16- What personal factors influence the therapist-client relationship? - ☑️ Therapists differ in the values that influence their goals in therapy and their views of progress. They may also differ from their clients. These differences may create problems if therapists and clients differ in their cultural, religious, or personal values and perspectives.
LOQ 16- When should a person seek therapy, and what should people look for when selecting a therapist? - ☑️ Campus health centers are generally good starting points for counseling options, and they may offer some free services. A person seeking therapy may want to ask about the therapist's treatment approach, values, credentials, and fees. An important consideration is whether the therapy seeker feels comfortable and able to establish a bond with the therapist. Recognizing the importance of a strong therapeutic alliance, the American Psychological Association accredits programs that provide training in cultural sensitivity and that recruit underrepresented cultural groups.
LOQ 16- What ethical principles guide psychotherapy and psychological research on mental illness? - ☑️ Psychotherapists and psychological researchers on mental health must follow their country's ethical principles and code of conduct, aiming to benefit others, and to never expose people to greater risks than would be encountered in everyday life.
RP- There are may acceptable mental health treatment and study approaches, but all therapists and psychological researchers must follow _________ principles. - ☑️ ethical
The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes from a. outcome research b. randomized clinical trials c. reports of clinicians and clients d. government study of treatment for depression - ☑️ c. reports of clinicians and clients
Studies show that ____________ therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders. a. behavior b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. no one type of - ☑️ d. no one type of
What are the three components of evidence-based practice? - ☑️ Research evidence, clinical expertise, and knowledge of the patient
RP-
The drugs given most often to treat depression are called __________. Schizophrenia is often treated with __________ drugs. - ☑️ antidepressants; antipsychotic
LOQ 16- How are brain stimulation and psychosurgery used in treating specific disorders? - ☑️ Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient, is an effective treatment for severe depression in people who have not responded to other therapy. Newer alternative treatments for depression include transcranial direct stimulation (tDCS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep-brain stimulation (DBS; may calm an overactive brain region linked with negative emotions in some patients). Psycho-surgery removes or destroys brain tissue in hopes of modifying behavior. Radical psychosurgical procedures such as lobotomy are no longer performed. Today's microscale psychosurgery and MRI-guided precision brain surgery are rare, last-resort treatments because the effects are irreversible.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - ☑️ A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) - ☑️ The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity
Psychosurgery - ☑️ Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
Lobotomy - ☑️ A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain
RP- Severe depression that has not responded to other therapy may be treated with __________ _________, which can cause some memory loss of the preceding hours. More moderate neural stimulation techniques designed to help alleviate depression include ___________ direct current stimulation, __________ magnetic stimulation, and __________ __________ stimulation. - ☑️ electroconvulsive therapy; transcranial; deep brain
LOQ 16- What may help prevent psychological disorders, and why is it important to develop resilience? - ☑️ Preventative mental health programs are based on the idea that many psychological disorders could be prevented by transforming stressful and negative social contexts into more benevolent, nurturing environments that foster growth, self-confidence, and resilience. Struggling with challenges can lead to posttraumatic growth. Community psychologists work to prevent
psychological disorders by turning destructive environments into more nurturing places that foster competence, health, and well-being.
Resilience - ☑️ The personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
Posttraumatic growth - ☑️ Positive psychological changes following a struggle with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.
RP- What is the difference between preventive mental health and the psychological or biomedical therapies? - ☑️ Psychological or biomedical therapies attempt to relieve people's suffering from psychological disorders. Preventative mental health attempts to prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating the conditions that cause disorders, as well as by building resilience.
Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notably a. hyperactivity b. momentary memory loss c. sluggishness, tremors, and twitches d. paranoia - ☑️ c. sluggishness, tremors, and twitches
Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as ____________ drugs. - ☑️ antianxiety
A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is ___________. - ☑️ lithium
When drug therapies have not been effective, electrocomvulsice therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment for people with a. severe obsessive-compulsive disorder b. severe depression c. schizophrenia d. anxiety disorders - ☑️ b. severe depression
An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at higher risk for developing psychological disorders is called a. deep brain stimulation b. the mood-stabilizing perspective c. spontaneous energy
