PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Definition
What is “abnormal”?
Deviance
Distress*
Maladaptive
Dysfunction*
Danger
Deviance
Statistical infrequency
Rare ≠Bad
How rare is rare?
Culturally-based
Violation of social norms
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Understanding Psychological Disorders: Definition, Causes, Classification, and Diagnosis, Slides of Introduction to Psychology
An overview of psychological disorders, including their definition, causes, classification, and diagnosis. Topics covered include abnormal behavior, distress, maladaptive behaviors, causes of disorders, the diathesis-stress model, and various types of disorders such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders, eating disorders, dissociative disorders, and schizophrenia. The document also discusses the challenges of classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (dsm).
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2011/2012
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PSYCHOLOGICAL
DISORDERS
Definition
What is “ abnormal ”?
D eviance
D istress *
Maladaptive
D ysfunction ***** D anger
Deviance
Statistical infrequency
Rare ≠ Bad
How rare is rare?
Culturally-based
Violation of social norms
Distress
Personal suffering
Not all psychopathology suffering
Not all suffering psychopathology
Maladaptive: Dysfunction
Interference with ________________
Personal
Social
Occupational
Danger
Self
Others
__________________________
Causes: Multiple Approaches
Biological Medical model
Psychological
Sociocultural
Biopsychosocial
But…
The same experience may cause
disorders in some people but not
others.
Why?
Other DSM Issues
Reliability Interrater reliability (between clinicians) Disorders with same/similar symptoms Individual differences
Validity Errors in diagnosis Labeling Issues
Anxiety Disorders
Uncontrollable fear that is disproportionate to the situation Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Excessive and long-lasting anxiety (6+ months) Hard to specify the reason
Causes? Biological: GABA, genetics Harsh standards, critical/strict parents, history of trauma
Panic Disorder
Sudden and unexpected __________________ Sympathetic nervous system arousal Heart palpitations Shortness of breath Sweating Dizziness Faintness
Feel like you are going to die
Phobia
Examples: Acrophobia: Heights Aerophobia: Flying Hematophobia: Blood Xenophobia: Strangers www.phobialist.com
- Persistent, irrational, overwhelming fear of a ________ object, activity, or situation - Interferes with everyday behavior
Learning & Phobias
Classical Conditioning Neutral stimulus + Frightening Event
Operant Conditioning Avoidance is reinforced
Biological preparedness Potential real threats
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessions – repetitive, intrusive __________ Orderliness, Contamination, Accidents Create anxiety
- Compulsions – ritualistic, repetitive _________ Reduce anxiety Interfere with everyday behavior
Learning & OCD
Operant Conditioning Compulsions are negatively reinforced
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Characterized by the persistent re-experience of traumatic events.
Sociocultural Factors
Life stressors Example: Loss of someone or something highly valued Poverty, Gender Daylight Seasonal Affective Disorder
Bipolar Depression
Cycles of abnormal, persistent:
High mood (mania)
Low mood (depression)
• Formerly known as
“manic-depressive
disorder”
Bipolar Disorder is Biological
Highest heritability of disorders
Concordance rates:
Identical twins: ______ Fraternal twins: _______
Increasing severity with each generation
Symptom severity
Age of onset
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosa Weigh less than 85% of normal Fear of weight Distorted body image Amenorrhea 0.5-3.7% of young women
Bulimia nervosa Binge-purge eating pattern Normal weight 1-4% of young women
Dissociative Disorders
Sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociative amnesia and fugue
Dissociative Identity Disorder Multiple personalities Often extreme sexual or physical abuse in childhood Very rare and controversial
Schizophrenia
Is __________ “multiple
personalities”
That is ________________________
Schizophrenia
Disorder characterized by:
Highly disorder though processes Split from reality Perception of reality Emotions
Schizophrenia
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive symptoms presence of inappropriate behaviors
Negative symptoms absence of appropriate behaviors
Caution: Labeling Effect
Perceptual confirmation Observers perceive what they expect to perceive Rosenhan (1973) 7 researchers checked in “hearing voices” Once admitted: acted normally
Personality Disorders
Chronic, maladaptive cognitive behavioral patterns Part of the person’s personality 10 different types—15% of people have one
Antisocial
Borderline
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Psychopath or Sociopath (subgroup) Don’t feel guilty Law-breaking Exploitation of others Irresponsibility Deceit
Must be evident before age 15
Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability in interpersonal relationships, self- image, and emotions
Impulsivity Starts early in life Often self-harm and suicide