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Psychological Testing Exam
What is a psychological test? - ✅A systematic procedure for obtaining samples of behavior, relevant to cognitive, affective, or interpersonal functioning, and for scoring and evaluating those samples according to standards Sampling behavior is efficient - ✅because the time available is usually limited The behaviors sampled by tests are relevant to - ✅cognitive, affective, or interpersonal functioning The samples in tests selected for their - ✅empirical or practical psychological significance Tests, unlike - ✅mental games, exist to be of use; they are tools Tests are evaluated - ✅and scored What kind of system is applied to test results - ✅Some numerical or category system, according to pre-established rules Should there be a question about what the results of the test are - ✅No To evaluate the test results, it is necessary to have - ✅standards based on empirical data
There has to be a way of what to test results - ✅Applying a common yardstick or criterion The standards used to evaluate test results - ✅lend the only meaning those results have Psychological tests should be - ✅standardized Standardization is known as - ✅the normative or standardization sample "I am the MMPI what do I measure? Ability? Depression? Personality?" - ✅Personality Which measures intelligence? - ✅The Wechsler intelligence test and it may use blocks to do so Test authors do what - ✅They conceive, prepare, and develop tests. Who will be using the test? Where do you get an unpublished test from? - ✅From the test author Test publishers do what? - ✅They publish, market, and sell tests, thus controlling their distribution Test administrators do what? - ✅They administer the test either to one individual at a time or to groups. They must be familiar with the testing procedures, be at ease in administrating the items of the test, and know how to score and interpret the results.
Subjective Projective tests - ✅Projective Tests Example: Rorschach Ink Blot, Drawing PRO: Can investigate aspects of personality that test takers themselves may have been unable or unwilling to reveal CON: Validity? Subjective scoring Subjective Observation tests - ✅Observations Can be in a lab or a naturalistic setting (example: one-way mirror) There is not a well-defined task (unlike tests of ability) Example: Infants research PRO: Individual may not be aware that they are being observed so you can gain a good measure of their 'true' responses. CON: Open to interpretation, different experimenters have different explanations for behavior "I take tests who am I?" - ✅Test taker Alfred Binet did what - ✅he devised the first IQ test to identify child with learning difficulties Spearman had the idea of - ✅(g) general intelligence, intelligence isn't a single thing it's general Robert Yerkes developed the - ✅Army Alpha test, questions like "Velvet Joe appears in which of these ads?", "It is better to fight than to run, because" "it is more honorable" The GRE what kind of test am I? Ability? Achievement? - ✅Aptitude
Achievement tests measure - ✅the extent to which a person has "achieved" something, acquired certain information, or mastered certain skills - usually as a result of planned instruction or training Examples of achievement tests are - ✅ACT and SAT Achievement tests measure - ✅The verbal, quantitive, and reasoning abilities needed for success in most academic endeavors Examples of aptitude tests are - ✅The GRE, the MCAT, and the LSAT What test measures behavior and is not objective? - ✅Conner's teaching rating scale, used for ADHD Rorschach inkblot and drawings - ✅are projective tests Army Alpha - ✅questions like velvet Joe Verbal IQ test - ✅Give a definition of a word, example in class police Measure of motor skills - ✅Movement ABC, Assessment Battery for Children Non-verbal IQ test - ✅Shapes and what comes next in the sequence
Evaluating psychological tests is least problematic - ✅Prior to their being placed into use Compared to other areas listed, the development of criteria or bases for decision making has been substantially slower in the context of - ✅Clinical assessment Credit for devising the first successful psychological test in the modern era is usually given to - ✅Alfred Binet The true ratio IQ or intelligence quotient was derived by - ✅Dividing the MA by the CA and multiplying the result by 100 The primary purpose for which psychological tests are currently used is - ✅Decision making Compared to psychological testing, psychological assessment is generally - ✅More varied in its methods Of all the people involved in the testing process, the ultimate responsibility for appropriate test use and interpretation resides in the test - ✅User The two reasons why we want to use testing - ✅Efficiency and objectivity Valid acceptances (hiring vs. not example) - ✅Most desirable of all outcomes; not only do they not pose any hazards for either the employer or applicant who is hired, but they provide benefits to both Sucess
Valid rejections (hiring vs. not example) - ✅Advantageous to the employer but most likely not so to the applicants who are rejected Sucess to professional False acceptances (hiring vs. not example) - ✅Pose some risks to the employer (e.g., lost revenue, wasted time in training activities, more turnover), but usually not to the employee False rejections (hiring vs. not example) - ✅Do not present significant risks to the employer, unless the decisions are contested, but they may harm the applications who are falsely rejected in significant ways "Suzie is showing examples of signs of ADHD and identify her as having it but she has no symptoms in classroom" - ✅False acceptances How to figure out what it is; valid acceptance, valid rejections, false acceptances, false rejections - ✅1) What are they testing for?, 2) Did they find it? Present or absent?, 3) Is it valid or false? Mary was tested for IQ and her mom thinks she's gifted, when the school psychologist tested her she was put in the reading remidial program - ✅They were looking for gifted and not reading remidial so false rejection? What is the base rate that you start with? 20 to 60 - ✅the incremental is 40% If Jessica has a 90% success does she need anything else? - ✅No because her base rate is so high and close to an extreme (90) Base rate data (incremental validity) - ✅Extremes: 10% (Easy); 90% (Hard)
Preparing the test taker - ✅1) establish rapport as well as the proper orientation of the test taker prior to administration of the test, 2) test prep from the test takers perspective like all the life experiences the taker has had to prevent the stereotype threat. These experiences might affect their performance on a particular test. Test administration - ✅Adequate preparation. The proper administration requires careful preparation of the testing environment, the test taker, and the person who administers the test. Test scoring - ✅In order for scores to be useful and interpretable, tests must be administered according to be the instructions by the test developers. Test anxiety - ✅the prospect of being evaluated tends to elicit some degree of apprehension in most test takers, especially when the test scores are being used a basis for making decisions that will have important consequences for them Test sophistication - ✅test-taking skills or test-wiseness refers to the extent to which test takers have had experience or practice in taking tests. Test dissimulation - ✅Does not have to be conscious, can be subconscious, attempts for the test taker to present themselves in a more favorable or unfavorable fashion. Solution an honesty scale. How you obtain consent - ✅Psychologists must obtain and document the informed consent of the test takers either orally or in writing. The test taker must have a suitable explanation of the nature and purpose of the evaluation, as well as info concerning confidentially limits and how the security of the test result will be managed. Consent tells the test taker - ✅the nature and purpose of the test, confidentiality/security of test results, and fees/Refusal to continue/third party
Test Administrator Qualifications - ✅Their knowledge and skills in psychometric principles and statistics, selections of test and the purpose used and issues related to cultural, racial and ethnic, gender biases, procedures for administrating tests and scoring, the purpose of test use. The extent to which test users have received appropriate supervised experience in all aspects of the knowledge and skills pertinent to the intended use of a specific test. Computer-based Testing: - ✅Bypass test administration errors, test performance NOT influenced by test administrator, uniformity in test presentation & scoring, and cost-effective Individual Testing: - ✅Repeat verbal information verbatim, proceed at a good pace, allow examinee time to respond, must follow procedure exactly Communicating results - ✅Typically with a psychological report Safeguarding results - ✅Firewalls, data encryption, and passwords The test from class #1 EXTRA CREDIT - ✅The healthy Dietary Adherence Score, subjective 3 T's of Psychological Testing - ✅THEORY How do you define the construct? TEST Is the test reliable and valid?
