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Psychology 101: Module 1
Psychology - the scientific study of behavior and mental processes structuralism - early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener that used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind Functionalism - early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin that explored how mental and behavioral processes function (how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish) nativism - the idea that certain kinds of knowledge are inborn/innate philosophical empiricism - the idea that all knowledge is acquired through experience dualism - the idea that the mind and body are separate entities that interact (I think, therefore I am) Plato - promoter of nativism Aristotle - promoter of philosophical empiricism Rene Descartes -
Promoter of dualism physiology - the branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms Phrenology - the idea that bumps on the head describe personality traits behaviorism - the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes (nothing is innate, everything is learned) humanistic psychology - historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people (positive potential of human beings is assumed) cognitive neuroscience - the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) nature-nurture issue - the long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. psychoanalytic theory - unconscious mental processes shape feelings, thoughts, and behavior Sigmund Freud - developed psychoanalytic theory
developmental psychology - how we change/stay the same over time personality psychology - asks who we are and how we understand each other social psychology - focuses on us in relationship to others (one person focus) positive psychology - the scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive (looking at the things that make us healthy) natural selection - the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations level of analysis - the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon bipsychosocial approach - an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels basic research - pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base applied research - scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
counseling psychology - a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or relationships" and in achieving greater well being clinical psychology - a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders psychiatry - a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as will as psychological therapy testing effect - enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning SQ3R - a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, retrieve, review
