Psychology 460 Counseling & Interviewing, Slides of Psychology

Microcounseling / Microskills Approach ... “…counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled ... Also essential are a knowledge of counseling theory.

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Psychology 460
Counseling & Interviewing
California State University, Northridge
Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D.
Overview of Course
Syllabus
Schedule of Activities
General Introduction
Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
What is it?
Microskills Hierachy
Attending Skills
Listening Skills (Active Listening)
Influencing Skills
Focus & Selective Attention
Confrontation
5-Stage Interview Model
Introduction
Corey’s perspective:
No single model can explain all the facets of
human experience
Eleven approaches to counseling and
psychotherapy are discussed
The Corey book assumes:
Students can begin to acquire a counseling
style tailored to their own personality
The process will take years
Different theories are not “right” or “wrong”
Introduction
Gerald Corey
Where Corey Stands
He is strongly influenced by the existential
approach and so believes:
Clients can exercise freedom to choose their
future
The quality of the client/therapist relationship
is KEY
He likes to use a variety of techniques:
Role playing and various techniques from
cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches
Where Corey Stands
He believes:
“…counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled
technician”
Who you are as a therapist, is critical
Students should experience being a “client and feel
anxiety over self disclosure, and learn to model
courage and growth
It is not sufficient to be merely a good person with good
intentions
Also essential are a knowledge of counseling theory
and techniques, theories of personality, and
supervised experiences
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Psychology 460

Counseling & Interviewing

California State University, Northridge

Sheila. K. Grant, Ph.D.

Overview of Course

  • Syllabus
  • Schedule of Activities
  • General Introduction
  • Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
    • What is it?
    • Microskills Hierachy
    • Attending Skills
    • Listening Skills (Active Listening)
    • Influencing Skills
    • Focus & Selective Attention
    • Confrontation
    • 5-Stage Interview Model

Introduction

  • Corey’s perspective:
    • No single model can explain all the facets of human experience - Eleven approaches to counseling and psychotherapy are discussed
  • The Corey book assumes:
    • Students can begin to acquire a counseling style tailored to their own personality - The process will take years - Different theories are not “right” or “wrong”

Introduction

  • Gerald Corey

Where Corey Stands

  • He is strongly influenced by the existential

approach and so believes:

  • Clients can exercise freedom to choose their future
  • The quality of the client/therapist relationship is KEY
  • He likes to use a variety of techniques:
  • Role playing and various techniques from cognitive and behavioral therapy approaches

Where Corey Stands

  • He believes:
    • “…counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled technician” - Who you are as a therapist, is critical - Students should experience being a “client” and feel anxiety over self disclosure, and learn to model courage and growth
    • It is not “sufficient to be merely a good person with good intentions” - Also essential are a knowledge of counseling theory and techniques, theories of personality, and supervised experiences

Suggestions for Course & Using Book

  • Relate readings to your own experiences
    • Reflect on your own needs, motivations, values, and life experiences
  • Apply key concepts and techniques to

your own personal growth

  • Develop a personalized style of counseling

that reflects your personality

  • Early on, read chapter 16 and skim

chapter 15

Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches

  1. Psychoanalytic therapy
  2. Adlerian therapy
  3. Existential therapy
  4. Person-centered therapy
  5. Gestalt therapy
  6. Behavior therapy
  7. Cognitive behavior therapy
  8. Reality therapy
  9. Feminist therapy
  10. Postmodern approaches
  11. Family systems therapy Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches
  • Psychoanalytic therapy
  • Sigmund Freud
  • Theory of personality
  • Philosophy of human nature
  • Method of psychotherapy
  • Focuses on unconscious factors that motivate our behavior
  • Events of 1st 6 years crucial determinants of later development Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches

Adlerian therapy

_ Alfred Adler _ Followed by Rudolf Dreikers in U.S. _ Growth Model _ Stresses: -Taking Responsibility -Creating own destiny -Finding meaning & goals to give life direction -Key concepts used in most other current therapies Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches

Existential therapy

_ Victor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom _ Stresses building therapy on basic conditions of human existence, such as

  • choice
  • the freedom & responsibility to shapes one’s life
  • self-determination _ Focuses on quality of person-to-person therapeutic relationship Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches

Person-centered therapy

_ Carl Rogers

_ Nondirective reaction to psychoanalysis

_ Subjective view of human experiencing

_ Places faith in & gives responsibility to

client in dealing w/ problems

Overview of 11 Therapeutic Approaches

  • Family systems therapy
    • Number of significant figures have been pioneers of family systems approach (e.g., Virginia Satir, Murray Bowen, Salvador Minuchin)
    • This systemic approach is based on the assumption that the key to changing the individual is understanding & working w/ the family Corey’s View
  • Practitioners need to pay attention to what

their clients are thinking, feeling, & doing

  • A complete therapy system must address

all 3 facets

  • If any of these dimensions are excluded,

the therapy approach is incomplete

The Case of Stan (Chapter 16)

  • As you read about Stan ask yourself:
    • What themes in Stan’s life merit special attention?
    • What techniques and methods would best meet these goals?
    • What characterizes the relationship between Stan and his therapist?
    • How might the therapist precede? Microcounseling / Microskills Approach - Microcounseling / Microskills Approach - What is it? - Microskills Hierachy - Attending Skills - Listening Skills (Active Listening) - Influencing Skills - Focus & Selective Attention - Confrontation - 5-Stage Interview Model Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Term microcounseling encompasses the microskills approach = practical approaches & techniques in counseling & interviewing (Ivey, et al., 1968)
  • Developed pragmatically by focus on observable actions of counselors & therapists in the interview that appeared to be effect positive change in the session
  • This focus on “what works” led to identification of the specific microskills
  • Microcounseling represents both a technology for the interview & a social constructivist theory of what occurs between counselor & client Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Microcounseling
  • Recognized as 1 st^ skills-based system to take multicultural issues into account
  • Holds that ALL systems of counseling & therapy employ various patterns & skills
  • Using microskills approach, we break

down the complex interaction of

counseling interview into manageable &

learnable dimensions

Microcounseling / Microskills Approach

  • Microskills approach makes it clear that sometimes any intervention can be inappropriate for particular clients or groups
  • what works in one situation or with one client may not work with the next situation or client
  • To be an effective counselor or therapist, you must observe what occurs in the interview and change your approach to meet the present situation Microskills Hierarchy Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Nonverbal factors: what the helper brings

to the interview

  • Through body language & facial expression, the counselor expresses an attitude toward the client
  • Look at following pictures of a counselor listening to a client in 2 different ways Microcounseling / Microskills Approach Put Figure 3.2 from Ivey Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • What specific attitudes were expressed in the photos?
  • Be precise as possible in identifying observable aspects of nonverbal behavior
  • What do you see in photo on left?
  • In photo on right?
  • Different Cultures respond differently
  • North American vs Navajo
  • A Navajo reported photo on right was much more inviting & appropriate, although other Navajos might not agree Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Attending Skills
  • Attending Behavior (1st^ rung of Microskills Hierachy)
  • Definition:
  • Culturally & individually appropriate
  • Dimensions of Nonverbal Communication:
  • EYE CONTACT (North American Pattern: when listening to person, direct eye contact is appropriate; when talking, eye contact often less frequent)
  • BODY LANGUAGE (North American Pattern: Slight forward trunk lean facing the person; handshake a general sign of welcome)

Microcounseling / Microskills Approach

  • Confrontation:
    • An overly confronting, charismatic therapist can retard client growth, as can an overly cautious therapist
    • Counseling/therapy requires a careful balance of confrontation with supporting qualities of warmth, positive regard, and respect
    • The empathic therapist is one who can maintain a balance. A “push-pull,” of confrontation and support by utilizing a wide variety of counseling skills & theories Microcounseling / Microskills Approach - Focus & Selective Attention - Beginning counselors/therapists often focus on problems instead of the people in front of them - It’s generally (but not always) wiser to first focus on the client & later on the problem - Temptation is to focus on the problem & solve it, perhaps even disregarding the thoughts & feelings of the client in the process - Although focus should usually be on the client, it can be invaluable to broaden the focus in a balanced fashion to include several additional dimensions Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Focus Analysis
  • 7 dimensions of microskill focus below are vital for understanding what is happening in any therapy session
  • It is possible to respond to the client’s statement in any of several ways:
    1. Client focus
    1. Other focus
    1. Family focus
    1. Problem/main theme focus
    1. Interviewer focus
    1. “We focus
    1. Cultural/environmental/contextual focus
  • The microskill of focusing can be beneficial in helping clients gain multiple perspectives on their issues Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Reflection of Meaning
  • Selective attention to emotional content of

interview

  • Function in interview:
    • Results in clarification of emotion underlying key facts;
    • Promotes discussion of feelings Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Interpretation/reframing
  • Directive
  • Advice/information
  • Self-disclosure
  • Feedback
  • Logical consequences
  • Influencing summary Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Interpretation/reframing
  • Provides an alternative frame of reference from which the client may view a situation
  • May be drawn from a theory or from one’s own personal observation’s
  • Interpretation may be viewed as the core influencing skill
  • Function:
  • The interpretation provides the client with a clear-cut alternative perception of “reality”

Microcounseling / Microskills Approach

  • Influencing Skills
    • Directive
      • Tells the client what action to take
      • May be simple suggestions started in command form or may be a sophisticated technique from a specific theory Microcounseling / Microskills Approach - Influencing Skills - Advice/information - Provides suggestions, instructional ides, homework, advice on how to act, think, and behave - Function: - Used sparingly, may provide client with new & useful information - Specific vocational information is an example of necessary use of this skill Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Self-disclosure
  • The interviewer shares personal experience from the past or may share present reactions to the client
  • Function:
  • Emphasizes counselor “I” statements
  • This skill is closely allied to feedback and may build trust & openness, leading to more mutual relationship with client Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Feedback
  • Provides clients with specific data on how they are seen by the counselor or by others
  • Function:
  • Provides concrete data that may help cleints realize how others perceive behavior & thinking patterns, thus enabling an alternative self- perception Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Logical consequences
  • Interviewer explains to the client the logical outcome of thinking & behavior--- if / then
  • Function:
  • Provides an alternative frame of reference for the client
  • Skill helps clients anticipate the consequences of their actions Microcounseling / Microskills Approach
  • Influencing Skills
  • Influencing summary
  • Often used at or near the end of a session to summarize counselor comments
  • Most often used in combination with the attending summarization
  • Function:
  • Clarifies what has happened in the interview & summarizes what the therapist has said
  • Skill is designed to help generalization from the interview to daily life