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Psychology Midterm
The study of information that is stored and activated by the brain, such as beliefs, thoughts, or forms of memories, is part of which branch of psychology? - cognitive pyschology Which of Hobbes's philosophical beliefs regarding materialism could be considered a precursor to the science of psychology? - Thought is a result of physical processes of the brain Hassam traveled to three different countries to study the differences among people and the ways by which people's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by their societies. Hassam is probably interested in _____ psychology. - Cultural psychology In his research, Dr. Madden attempts to relate learning experiences directly to behavioral changes and is relatively unconcerned with the mental processes. Dr. Madden is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. - learning psychologist A psychologist attempts to understand why people are more likely to help in an emergency situation when there are only a few other individuals present at the scene versus when they are part of a large crowd. Understanding the influence that other people have on an individual's behavior is most consistent with a _____ level of analysis. - social level of analysis According to the theory of dualism, behavior is controlled by the - body and the soul A young child falls into the deep end of a pool. The child surfaces and swims to the edge of the pool without having prior swimming experience. This inborn behavior demonstrates which philosophy? - nativism
Dr. Brown is interested in researching the role of the nervous system in a person's experience with anxiety attacks. What type of researcher is Dr. Brown? - behavioral neuroscientist One of Darwin's key ideas is that, because of natural selection, animals have an inborn tendency to behave in ways that help them to: - survive and reproduce Jim is conducting a series of experiments on obedience. His interest in the processes through which people are influenced by other people is consistent with _____ psychology. - social psychology Early physiologists like Johannes Muller and Paul Broca conducted physiological research that led to the idea that people experience vision when one part of the brain is active and hearing when another part is active. This research led to the concept of _____, which refers to the idea that _____.
- localization of function; specific parts of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experience and behavior Colin argues with a colleague that one part of the brain controls anxious thoughts while another part controls the way they talk. What notion proposed in the nineteenth-century supports Colin's argument? - localization of function Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of scientific psychology because he: - published the first textbook that defined psychology as a science In terms of modern levels of analysis, Darwin today would be considered a(n): - evolutionary psychologist Kant is associated with which movement in psychology? - nativism Which of Descartes' beliefs helped pave the way to scientific psychology? -
Hobbes empiricism - the idea that human knowledge and thought derive ultimately from sensory experience behavioral genetics - the research specialty that attempts to explain psychological differences among individuals in terms of differences in their genes Stanford University researchers conducted a study to test the hypothesis that daytime naps negatively affect nighttime sleep. They found that subjects who avoided naps fell asleep faster than subjects who took naps. Results were _____, meaning that there was less than a 5 % probability that the data was purely a result of random variability. - statistically significant A researcher could be MOST confident that the research hypothesis was correct if there were _____ than a _____ percent chance that the data were due to chance and the research hypothesis was wrong. - less; 5 What is the name for a prediction that is derived from a theory? - hypothesis Which option is NOT a type of research design? - self-report In Pfungst's experiments with Clever Hans, the dependent variable was the: - percentage of questions the horse answered correctly in a given test If an experiment has the correlation coefficient of -.85, this means that when one variable decreases, while the other variable ________: - increases
A measure has criterion validity if it: - correlates with what it is intended to measure Lisa is handing out surveys assessing recycling habits to her fellow students. What type of data- collection method is she MOST likely employing? - self-report A _____, which is commonly used to visualize results of a(n) _____ study, allows researchers to show each participant's scores on two variables as a single point on the graph. - scatterplot; correlational The story of Clever Hans illustrates why scientists should: - practice skepticism to avoid observer-expectancy effects What is the purpose of using a placebo in a drug experiment? - To determine whether the drug's effect is due to the participant's own expectations As a technical term, bias refers to: - nonrandom effects due to extraneous factors A test that is based on common sense and seems to measure what it claims to measure has high: - face validity The horse named Clever Hans correctly answered the questions he was asked because he: - learned to respond to movements made unconsciously by his questioner and the audience Facilitated communication, in which autistic children were supposedly able to answer questions, express emotions, and describe events in their lives, provides a classic illustration of _____ effects. - observer-expectancy Research on selective listening shows that participants hearing two messages and shadowing one will: -
After studying the planets for her astronomy exam for hours, Lila's friend asked her to guess what kind of car he had just purchased. Lila immediately replied, "A Saturn." Lila's prior exposure to stimuli related to planets influenced her response to her friend's question due to: - priming Pippin is getting ready to take the GRE for entrance into graduate school. Which strategy will MOST likely help him encode the word "jackanapes" and its definition into his long-term memory? - think of a time he behaved like jackanapes Neuropeptide Y is a _____ neurotransmitter, which ideally suits it to its function of _____ hunger by acting on hypothalamic neurons. - slow; increasing wanting? - dopamine liking? - endorphins If Imani has an intense fear of jellyfish, _____ would predict that seeing and perceiving a jellyfish when swimming would lead Imani to feel the emotion of fear while her level of body arousal would influence the intensity of fear she feels. - Schachter's cognition-plus-feedback theory A woman is eagerly waiting at a coffee shop for her fiancé to arrive. When she sees him approaching, she would most likely experience positive emotions associated with increased brain activity in her: - left prefrontal cortex When is the right pre-frontal cortex mostly active? - when experiencing negative emotions especially fear and disgust Research with rats indicates that male-female brain differences associated with adult sexual behaviors are determined by the presence or absence of _____ during _____. - testosterone; prenatal development
Which findings from research on the brain's reward system best explain addiction to drugs such as cocaine and heroin? - These drugs are addictive because, with every dose, they strongly activate dopamine-receiving neurons in the nucleus accumbens that are responsible for promoting reward-based learning A biologist finds a plant species thought to be extinct. _____ theory would argue that her positive perception of the event causes arousal in her body. This arousal then causes her to feel the emotion of excitement. - James' peripheral feedback Robert Plutchik identified eight primary emotions by: - asking subjects to rate pairs of common emotion labels for the similarity of the emotions they described, producing a theory that is useful but definitely not universally accepted. Yang-Su is abruptly woken up by his cat while he is dreaming about falling off the edge of a building. What stage of sleep has he most likely been awaken from? - REM Which statement is consistent with findings from studies investigating brain-based theories of compulsive gambling? - People who gamble compulsively are subject to unpredictable releases of dopamine due to random payoffs. Because of this, they experience dopamine release into the nucleus accumbens every time a payoff occurs, which results in repeated reinforcement and an unusually strong habit. A nonsomniac is a person who has: - a nonsomniac The electroencephalogram (EEG) records three types of electrical activity: _____ waves when a person is awake and attentive, _____ waves when a person is awake but relaxed and nonattentive, and _____ waves when a person is in deep sleep. - fast;irregular; slow;regular; slow;irregular Research has demonstrated that leptin would be ineffective as an antiobesity drug because: - the majority of obese people are not lacking in leptin
- behavior and mental experiences are modified, over time, by experiences in an individual's environment
- our bodies, which produce behavior and mental experiences, are products of evolution by national selection Law of association by contiguity - If two things happen close together in time, they will become "bound together" or associated in the mind such that the thought of one event might elicit the thought of another Immanuel Kant? - a priori knowledge- doesn't have to be learned. a posteriori knowledge- gained from experience Broca's area? - injury to a specific area of the brain serve specific functions in the control of mental experiences and behavior. Three types of memory stores? - sensory, working, and long-term memory control processes of the mind? - attention, rehearsal, encoding, and retrieval (aka remembering) priming - unconscious activation of info in long term memory stroop interference effect - presented words printed in colored ink to subjects and asked them to name the ink color of each as quickly as possible obligatory processing - processing that is impossible to suppress- mainly relevant to reading words
memory span - as much as you can state aloud in 2 seconds what part of the brain serves as the neural hub for executive functions? - prefrontal cortex Case of H.M. - removed portions of his brain in surgery and cured the epilepsy, but left him unable to encode into LTM for events after the surgery- but he could retrieve info that entered the LTM prior to surgery Anterograde amnesia - (H.M) can't form LTMs of events after an injury Retrograde amnesia - cant form LTMs of events before an injury what part of brain is buried in the temporal lobe and is critically involved in long-term memory encoding? - hippocampus schemas - generalized mental representation of objects in space scripts - generalized mental organization of events in time dendrites - receive input from other neurons for interneurons and motor neurons , or directly from sensory signals for sensory neurons axon - carries messages to other neurons
