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Psychology Midterm: Chapter 1
Physiological - Having to do with an organism's physical processes Cognitive - Having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding Psychology - The scientific study of behavior that is tested through scientific research Hypothesis - An assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research Theory - A set of assumptions used to explain phenomena and offered for scientific for scientific study Basic science - The pursuit of knowledge about natural phenomena for its own sake Applied science - Discovering ways to use scientific findings to accomplish practical goals Scientific method - A general approach to gathering information answering questions so that errors and biases are minimized Structuralist - A psychologist who studies the basic elements that make up conscious mental experiences Introspection - A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings Functionalist - A psychologist who studied the function (rather than the structure) of consciousness Psychoanalyst - A psychologist who studies how unconsciousness motives and conflicts determine human behavior Behaviorist - A psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn or modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment
Humanist - A psychologist who believes that each person has freedom in directing his or her future and achieving personal growth Cognitivist - A psychologist who studies how we process, store, retrieve, and use information and how cognitive processes influence our behavior Psychobiologist - A psychologist who studies how physical and chemical changes in our bodies influence our behavior Psychologist - A scientist who studies the mind and behavior of humans and animals Clinical psychologist - A psychologist who diagnoses and treats people with emotional disturbances Counseling psychologist - A psychologist who usually helps people deal with problems living Psychiatry - A branch of medicine that deals with mental, emotional, or behavioral disorders Development psychologist - A psychologist who studies the emotional, cognitive, biological, personal, and social changes that occur as an individual matures Education psychologist - A psychologist who is concerned with helping students learn Community psychologist - A psychologist who may work in a mental health or social welfare agency Industrial/organization psychologist - A psychologist who uses psychological concepts to make the workplace a more satisfying environment for employees and managers Experimental psychologist - A psychologist who studies sensation, perception, learning, motivation, and emotion in carefully controlled laboratory conditions Wilhelm Wundt - Structuralist credited with setting up the first psychology laboratory, the Laboratory of Psychology. Acknowledged as establishing modern psychology as a separate, formed field of study. Proposed that psychological experience is composed of compounds. Claimed psychology has two kinds
Ivan Pavlov - Russian psychologist John B. Watson - Behaviorist; believed psychology should concern itself only with the observable facts of behavior. Maintained that all behavior is the result of conditioning and occurs because the appropriate stimulus is present in the enviornment. B.F. Skinner - Behaviorist; introduced the concept of reinforcement. Attempted to show how his laboratory techniques might be applied to society as a whole. In his classic novel, "Walden Two", he portrayed his idea of utopia. Utopia - A small town in which conditioning through rewarding those who display behavior that is considered desirable, rules every conceivable facet of life. Humanist psychologists - Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May; described human nature as evolving and self-directed. Cognitive psychologists - Jean Piaget, Naom Chomsky, and Leon Festinger; focus on how we process, store, and use information and how this information influences our thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity. Behavior is influenced by a variety of mental processes, including perceptions, memories, and expectations. Biological Psychology - Psychologists study how the brain, the nervous system, and hormones and genetics influence our behavior. Sociocultural Psychology - Involves studying the influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning. Considers how our knowledge and ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving are dependent on the culture to which we belong. Four different historical approaches to psychology - Structuralism, functionalism, inheritable traits, Gestalt psychology
