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Psychology Midterm Exam
Definition of Psychology - scientific research about why we act and think in the ways we do Primary tool psychologists use to figure out behavior and thinking? - scientific method Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of scientific psychology because he - Established the first experimental psychology lab Freud's theories were different because of his emphasis on - the effect of the unconscious mind on our thinking and behavior What was the primary complaint that Watson has about early psychological theories? - Early theories addressed unconscious thinking instead of conscious experiences Kenneth and Mamie Clark's work, which showed that African-American children attending a segregated school often viewed "white" as _________, was used in the Brown v. Board of Education case that overturned ___________. - good/pretty, segregation in schools Harvard University did not award Mary Whiton Calkins a doctoral degree, though she completed the requirements, because _____________. - she was a woman A psychologist from which psychological perspective would be most likely to agree that thinking and behavior are caused by combinations of hormone and neurotransmitter activity in the brain? - biological A psychologist from which psychological perspective would be most likely to agree that people act in the ways they do because of rewards and punishments? - behavioral Which psychological perspective is most directly interested in factors such as wellness and human thriving? - positive psychology Which psychological perspective is most directly interested in how genes and experiences combine to form personalities? - behavior genetics Founder of psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud
Founder of modern psychology - Wilhelm Wundt First female to complete the requirements for a PhD in psychology; first female APA president - Mary Whiton Calkins founder of behaviorism - John B. Watson Most famous American psychologist; his brand of behaviorism focused on responses - B. F. Skinner Author of the first psychology textbook - William James First American male to earn a PhD in psychology; opened first psychology lab in the United States; first APA president - G. Stanley Hall first African-American female to earn a PhD in psychology - Inez Beverly Prosser developmental and cognitive psychologist - Jean Piaget first African-American male psychology PhD recipient - Francis Cecil Sumner Established the Positive Psychology movement where the emphasis is creating healthy people rather than fixing broken people - Martin Seligman Humanistic theorist that developed the hierarchy of needs that described people as striving to reach self-actualization - Abraham Maslow First woman to earn a PhD in psychology - Margaret Washburn Stemming from the "father of psychology", this student was the founder of the structuralist perspective
- Edward B. Titchener One advantage of the scientific method over other ways of understanding the world is - it leads to a more reliable, reproducible answers
____________ is when a participant receives a full explanation at the conclusion of the research. - the right to debriefing What is the advantage of creating a frequency distribution? - can see highest and lowest scores, clusters and the most common scores The _______ is the average of a set of numbers. - mean The median is generally a better representation of the center of a distribution when the distribution is distorted, or __________, by some usually high or low scores. - skewed The standard deviation is a good way to get a sense of the ______ of a distribution of scores. - consistency Two measures of variation are the standard deviation and the _________. - range If you know that scores on an exam in a class are normally distributed, then you know that about _________ of the class scores within one standard deviation of the average score on the exam - 68% Over _________ percent of all scores fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean - 99.7% Which comparative statistic compares your score to the performance of other people? - percentile rank Which comparative statistic compares your score to the perfect score? - percentage What does it mean to say that the correlation coefficient is about 0.00? - the 2 variables do not correlate at all Which of the following pairs of variables is likely to have an r value between 0.00 and -1.00? - smoking and lifespan Statistically significant results are not likely to be cause by ________. - chance Which of the following factors has the most influence on whether a result is statistically significant? - the difference between the two group's means What is the general function of neurons? - receive, carry, and pass on information to other neurons
The axons of some neurons are coated with a ________ sheath. - Myelin The firing intensity of a neuron determines the intensity of the response? (T/F) - false The ______ period is the recharging phase, during which a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential. - refractory A drug that treats symptoms of depression and affects the sleep cycle probably interacts with... - serotonin What does it mean to say that a neurotransmitter can excite or inhibit neural impulses? - excite is to be more likely to fire. Inhibiting is restricting or less likely to fire The fight-or-flight response is triggered by the ______ division of the peripheral nervous system - sympathetic The peripheral nervous system divides into the __________ nervous system and the _________ nervous system. - somatic and autonomic The body's two communications systems are the nervous system and the ________ system - Endocrine Which gland is considered the "master gland" - the pituitary The in-depth examination of the results of Phineas Gage's brain injury is an example of a(n) - case study Which tool is most likely to be used by a researcher who needs to measure activity levels in the brain? - PET Damage to the brain's _________ would be life-threatening - medulla The brain's _____________ helps process new memories - hippocampus The large band of neural tissue that connects the two brain hemispheres is the __________. - corpus callosum One method of examining differences between the two hemispheres is to study patients - with a split corpus callosum
Interposition- overlap Relative size- the larger things are the closer they are Linear perspective- parallel lines seem to come together when far away Relative motion- moving slow means it's far away Relative height- higher up on the page the farther away it is Texture gradient- far away means smooth/no texture When do people develop depth perception? - at birth or in early infancy Why wouldn't you perceive an opening rectangular sorry magically turning into a trapezoid - shape shape constancy Without size constancy, we would think objects become ___________ the farther they are from us - smaller We are likely to see faces in many objects because humans have a strong ______________ for faces - schema The ___________ illusion causes the viewer to misjudge size and distance - Müller-Lyer The distorted ___________ room causes the viewer to misjudge size and distance. - Ames The scientific method: - the application of critical thinking and tools such as observation and statistical analysis Confirmation bias occurs - when researchers selectively notice evidence that supports their hypothesis If psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are, this would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction are - negatively correlated The survey method is - A research technique that questions a sample of people to collect information about their attitudes or behaviors Longitudinal studies - study the same group of people over a long period of time In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example of - an experiment
Professor Aronow is running an experiment trying to determine the effects of stress on decision making. In the experiment, one group of subjects is put under stress through the use of a mild electrical shock. The subjects are then asked to complete a survey including various problems. The other subjects are only given the survey. In this experiment, the independent variable is the: - mild electrical shock Dr. Mueller is trying to determine if map work helps students learn the names of states. In the first class, the teacher presents a lesson on the states and has the students complete a map exercise. In the second class, the teacher only presents the lesson. At the end of the unit each class is given a test on the states. The experimental group in the experiment is the: - first class The four basic principles used to judge the ethics of research are: - informed consent, protection from harm, confidentiality, and debriefing The primary purpose of statistics is to: - make data meaningful Mr. Bartolone gave a quiz to his Social Problems class. The scores were 2, 3, 5, 10, 15. The mean for the class quiz is: - 7 The basketball coach was compiling information on the heights of her players. The following data was collected on the player's height (in inches): 70, 71, 72, 72, 74, 74, 75. What is the median height of the team? - 72 A skewed distribution is: - distorted The following are the closing priced of a stock over a two week period: 34, 32, 30, 45, 34, 43, 35, 38, 45, 38. What is the range of these prices? - 15 Professor Martinez gave a unit test to her introductory psychology class. To her surprise the standard deviation of the test scores was 0. This means: - the mean, median and mode for the test were all the same Keith took both the ACT and the SAT. He wants to compare the two scores but each is on a different scoring system. In order to compare his two scores, Keith should make use of: - percentile rank If two variables are not related in any way their correlation would be - 0 In order to determine if the independent variable has influenced the dependent variable and the data within our experiment supports out hypothesis, an experimenter must make use of -
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, Professor Brown should electrically stimulate the rat's - amygdala The corpus callosum is a band of neural fibers that - transmits information between the cerebral hemispheres Michelle has a lobotomy (a surgical technique) in which her complete frontal lobe was removed. Michelle should have difficulties in - planning and judgement The surgical removal of a large tumor from Allen's occipital lobes results in extensive loss of brain tissue. Allen is most likely to suffer some loss of - vision The current popular idea that some people are right-brained and some are left-brained: - is an exaggeration of research on hemispheric differences A patient with damage to Broca's area of the brain would probably have difficulty - expressing thoughts in spoken language Michael, due to uncontrollable seizures, had his corpus callosum cut. He is being tested at a local university by Dr. Gazzaniga. In the test Michael is shown a picture of a baseball in his left visual field. Based on studies, which of the following should Michael be able to do? - not be able to verbalize that he saw a baseball, but be able to write out the word "baseball" with his left hand The process by which our sensory systems receive stimuli from the environment is called: - sensation Sydney, in having her hearing tested, is asking to signify when she hears a sound through the headphones. Sydney's hearing test is similar to determining: - absolute threshold Patients' negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their experience of pain after the operation. Their past experiences with surgery and expectations about how painful their recovery will be affects how they interpret pain sensations. This examples best illustrates: - top-down processing The length of a light wave determines the light's - hue You visit your optometrist and she prescribes a more powerful pair of glasses to correct your vision. Your new glasses will assist what part of your eye in focusing the incoming light? - lens
which cells are located in the retina? - ganglion cells The cochlea changes movements caused by sound waves into - nerve impulses A time lag between the time sound reaches your left and right ears is important for accurately: - locating sounds Which is considered the "chemical" sense? - taste and smell During an essay exam at school, you write so much that your hand begins to hurt. After the test is over you rub your hand and the pain lessens. Gate-control theory would explain that the pain lessened because: - other touch sensations (like rubbing) close the gate on the pain sensations As the airplane descended for a landing, the pilot saw several beautiful islands that appeared to float in a vast expanse of blue ocean water. In this instance, the ocean is a - ground Mark is at Lambeau Field in Green Bay watching the Packers play the Minnesota Vikings. Throughout the stadium he sees people wearing green and gold (the Packers' colors) but every so often he notices pockets of people wearing the Vikings' color, purple. mark concludes those people must be Vikings fans. Mark's logic follows the Gestalt principle of - similarity The Gestalt principle that explains the tendency to fill in gaps in order to perceive disconnected parts as a whole object is called: - closure A View-master toy which gives a child the illusion of a three-dimensional picture works using the principle of - retinal disparity As your eyes track a ball thrown to you, your brain notices the tension in the eye's muscles changing. This lets you know the ball is coming closer and closer to you using the principle of - convergence If an object of known size appears small, your brain assumes it to be far away from you. This rule describes the monocular depth cue: - relative size As the farmer looked across her field, the parallel rows of young corn plants appeared to converge in the distance. This provided her with a distance cue known as: - linear perspective
