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Psychology of Language Final Exam
_____ is the practice of picking fleas and dirt from the fur of conspecifics. - ANS-social grooming ______ are is a region in the left temporal lobe that is generally described as the language comprehension are of the brain. - ANS-Wernicke's ______ are meaningless speech sounds that serve as the fundamental building blocks of language. - ANS-Phonemes ______ is a brain imaging technique that produces a three dimensional moving picture of blood flow by tracking gamma rays emitted from a mildly radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. - ANS-PET ______ is a condition due to brain damage and characterized by fluent speech that is filled with vocabulary errors accompanied by difficulty in comprehending speech. - ANS- Wernicke's aphasia ______ is a measure of how often a particular word in all its form occurs in a language. For example, we hear the word CELL PHONE all the time, but we don't hear the word BROUHAHA. - ANS-word frequency ______ is a measure of the difference in time between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a response by the participant. - ANS-Latency ______ is an implicit memory process in which the recall of a particular item is enhanced due to previous exposure of similar items. - ANS-Priming ______ is the process of extending a pattern by placing it inside itself. - ANS-Recursion ______ is the set of rules for combining morphemes together to form words. - ANS- Morphology ______ means toward the front of the brain and _____ means toward the back of the brain. - ANS-anterior/posterior ______ theories propose a steady transition from animal communication systems to human language while ______ theories propose a sudden transition from the one to the other. - ANS-Continuity/discontinuity _________ density is a measure of how many other words differer from a particular word by substitution of a single sound phoneme. For example, words such as CAT have
a high _______ density, while a words such as FRIDGE has a low _______ density. - ANS-Neighborhood _________ models propose that the words or concepts in the mental lexicon are connected by semantic links, such as a canary ISA bird. - ANS-hierarchal network _______, also known as caregiver speech or infant directed speech, is a type of language that caregivers use to interact with their infants. - ANS-motherese A _______ is a simple language consisting of a few hundred words and a very basic grammar. - ANS-pidgin A child's ________ vocabulary is the set or words he or she is able to recognize and understands the meaning of, whereas the set of words that the child is able to produce in appropriate contexts is called his or her ________. - ANS-receptive, productive A consnant produce by constricting the vocal folds is called a(n) _______. - ANS-glottal stop A consonant like m or n that is produce by releasing the airflow through the nose is called a(n) _______. - ANS-nasal A consonant like t or d that is produced by pressing the tip of the tongue against the fleshy area behind the teeth is called a(n) _______ consonant. - ANS-alveolar A consonant sound like b or p that is produced by bringing the upper and lower lips together is called a(n) ______. - ANS-bilabial A consonant sound like f or v that is produce by bringing the lower lip against the upper teeth is called a(n) _______. - ANS-labiodental A memory task in which participants are allowed to repeat the items in any order is called a ______ recall task. - ANS-free A relationship between two that frequently co occur such as dog and none, is called ______, whereas a relationship between two word that belong to the same category, such as dog and cat, is called ______. - ANS-thematic/taxonomic A single vocalization or gesture that refers to the entire situation and not to the specific objects and events in that situation is called a (n)______. - ANS-holophase A specific ERP waveform that is tied to a particular cognitive process is known as a ______. - ANS-Component A structuring process that takes units at a lower level and combines them according to rules into new units at a higher level is called ______. - ANS-dominance hierarchy
In the following pairs of words: 1) there-their, 2) number (as in the "number 7" vs. comparative adjective numb-number), 3.) match-match, 4) club-club, 5) pair-pear, 6) two-too, 7) tear (as in when crying or tearing something apart), the pairs ______ are examples of homographs, the pairs ______ are examples of homophones, and the pairs _______ are heteronyms. - ANS-3 and 4/1,5 and 6/2 and 7 In the following set of sound: d,t,n,s,k,l,z, the one that has a different place of articulation that the rest is - ANS-k In the language, the sound of a words (e.g. banana) gives virtually no information about its meaning. This is known as the ______. - ANS-arbitrariness of the sign In the word SPRINT, the onset of the syllable is made up by - ANS--SPR In TOT (Tip of the Tongue) state, we remember the word, but cannot recall its phonological information (i.e. we cannot recall its exact sounds). This shows that information in the mental lexicon about a word is made up of two parts. The meaning (most basic) part is called ______ and the phonological part (various form the word can take) is called ______. - ANS-lemma, lexeme Infants start out the ability to discriminate speech contrasts in languages they've never heard before, but within the first year of life, they lose this ability and can only discriminate the contrasts in the language they are learning. This process is known as _______. - ANS-perceptual narrowing Little Lisa pronounces her name as Litha, but when an adults says her name, she protests. She obviously can hear the distinction between /s/ and /th/, but she herself cannot produce the two phoneme correctly. This condition, in which a child can clearly hear a distinction between two phonemes but uses only one of them when speaking is often referred to as the ______ phenomenon. - ANS-fis One way to solve the symbol grounding problem is to have a set of ______ primes, which are innately meaningful concepts that are used to define all other concepts (for example, +ANIMATE, +FEMALE, etc) - ANS-semantic Persons with _________ dyslexia can read regularly spelled words and pseudo words but cannot read irregularly spelled words; meanwhile, persons with _______ dyslexia can read familiar words but cannot sound out unfamiliar words. - ANS-surface/phonological Semantic _________ refers to the observation that thematic relations such as dog-bone lead to faster naming times. - ANS-facilitation Some primate have been trained to communicate with humans by using visual symbols that stand for words; these are known as ______. - ANS-lexigrams
The ______ assumption proposes that a newly learned word extends to other similar referent, while the ______ assumption proposes that no two words have exactly the same meaning. - ANS-taxonomic/ mutual exclusivity The ______ effect is an artificially induced illusion in which the auditory information for one speech sound, such as b, is combing with the visual information for another speech sound, such as g, to produce the perception of a third speech sound such as d. - ANS- McGurk The ______ is a band of fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing for communication between them. - ANS-corpus callosum The ______ is the fleshy region of the mouth just behind the upper teeth, covering the bone where the upper teeth are anchored. Sounds like /r/, /s/, /z/ are made there. - ANS-alveolar ridge The ______ task is an experimental procedure in which the participant sees a string of letters and response as quickly as possible, indicating whether it is a word or not. - ANS-serial recall The ______ technique is an experimental procedure that measures the frequency of an infant's sucking on a non-nutritive nipple. - ANS-high amplitude sucking The _______ is a subcortical structure of the temporal lobe that plays an important role in memory and learning. - ANS-hippocampus The _______ lobe at that side of the head processes auditory input from the ears and is also responsible for object recognition. - ANS-temporal The _______ lobe is located at the back of the head and processes visual input from the eyes. - ANS-occipital The _______ strategy is a rule of thumb that both infants and adults use to identify words in the speech stream based on the fact the most English words begin on a stressed syllable. - ANS-metrical segmentation The ________ is the region of the retina directly behind the pupil where vision is most acute. - ANS-fovea The ________ model of the meal lexicon proposes that activation of one node (for example FISH) spreads out to other nods linked to it (for example SWIMS), this accounting for data from semantic priming tasks. - ANS-spreading activation The ability to learn a new word after only one or a few exposures is a process known as ______. - ANS-fast mapping
The picture word ______ task is an experimental procedure in which the participant is asked to name a picture (for example, of a CAT) while ignoring a simultaneously presented distractor word (for example, DOG). - ANS-facilitation The problem of __________ uncertainty is the observation that there is no direct link between the word and the object or event it refers to. - ANS-referential The process of experiencing continuously changing stimuli as belonging to two or more discrete sets is called ______. - ANS-categorical The process of filling in missing segments of the speech stream with contextually appropriate material is known as _______. - ANS-phonemic restoration The process of overlapping phonemes in the speech stream is known as ______. - ANS-coarticulation The question of where the meaning of a symbol comes from is known as the _____ problem. - ANS-symbol grounding The question of whether human language evolved gradually or rapidly is known as the ______ debate. - ANS-continuity The rules for combining phonemes into sequences to form words are known as ______ rules. For example, two stops such as P and T are not allowed one after another in English, but they are allowed in Polish, as in the word PTAK (bird.) - ANS-phonotactic The set of rules for combining phonemes into larger units is called ______. - ANS- phonology The set of rules for ordering words and phrases into sentences is known as ______. - ANS-syntax The situation in which spelling and pronunciation are closely matched is called _______ orthography, where as the situation in which spelling and pronunciation are poorly matched is called __________ orthography. - ANS-shallow/deep The term _______ refers to the set of rule for writing the words of a language. - ANS- orthography The use of syntactic information to infer the meaning of verbs is called ______. For example, the child assumes that the word that is first in the sentence is automatically the subject of the sentence. - ANS-bootstrapping The visual word form area is a brain region _______ where the symbols of the writing system are stored, regardless of the language or the type of script. - ANS-between the occipital and temporal lobes.
The walnut sized structure behind the brainstem that is responsible for coordinating movement is called the ______. - ANS-cerebellum Vocabulary acquisition in children follows the so called _________: it is very slow for the first couple of years, then there is a vocabulary spurt during preschool and additional vocabulary boost through reading in school; subsequently, vocabulary acquisition slows down, but adults continue to learn new words all their lives at slow pace. - ANS-S-curve When children grow up in an environment where all the adults around them speak a pidgin, they develop a _______, which is a full fledge language based on that pidgin. - ANS-creole When children us a word like "bunny" to refer to all small, furry creatures, this is an example of - ANS-overextension While ______ is probably not the language gene that Chomsky proposed, a disruption of the does lead to language. - ANS-FOXP Who is a conspecific? - ANS-member of the same species Who is an ethologist? - ANS-a scientist who studies animal behavior You can only clearly discerns letters that fall on the fovea, and the range of letters that can be processed during one fixation is known as the _______ span. - ANS-perceptual You participate in one of your professor's experiments and you are shown the word BUTTER immediately followed by the related word BREAD. Next, you are shown the word BUTTER immediately followed by the unrelated word PAPER. In both cases your professor is trying to determine how fast you can access these words from your semantic memory. According to the principle of priming: - ANS-your response to BREAD should be faster than your response to PAPER.
