Qualitative analysis, Study notes of Inorganic Chemistry

Qualitative analysis is a branch of Analytical Chemistry that focuses on identifying the presence of different ions or chemical substances in a sample without determining their exact quantity. It is commonly used to detect cations and anions present in inorganic salts. In chemistry, qualitative analysis involves performing specific chemical tests, color reactions, and precipitation reactions to determine which ions are present in a compound. This process is widely used in laboratory experiments, especially in Inorganic Chemistry, where students analyze unknown salts. The method includes systematic identification of Cations (positive ions like Na⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺) and Anions (negative ions like Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, CO₃²⁻) through a series of reactions such as precipitation tests, flame tests, and gas evolution reactions. Qualitative analysis is an important concept for chemistry students preparing for competitive exams and laboratory practicals, as it helps in ul behavior

Typology: Study notes

2025/2026

Available from 03/05/2026

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QUALITATIVE \ivae ~ " Buab tome omalrivr ! . &e are - Boonie Hadlieal . . a @ F PHyste ay ue _ ) Presa phowy — tosabrenvdliig (i) Guyane ~ Nicbeituy omel vibrtaby > tly Aypuoreopie.— tka anal abkabing eoscth muta tag ~ W Rito oH ts > Gy Vinegasy Dike rwall) — cH, coo- 2G Proj call awl — 1H," ~ (i) Leovi: ting, aml $0, / a) fl fell of. Not ® kt, Rot cst NH ort 20/ able . Lo’ (a (oH) 5 + Co, Cato sb + H,0 a ati Ca (Hes), Cty ey ) = (aoluble telouslee) torboweti wd bicarbonali ton prunert Jon 0. sisson rat Cb) C0) pata wealatiy PPOPERIES- My ¢a0y——__ yp + cof + conf Tit ir valour garr, Gwe sat . | . Bde rap at fe. il Say an ear ave clicuonm di Jot. KaCe,d7 +. YH,Soy-+ 30 (O-) (RA) Te quer Tallen's dist. AaNos + NHy0H——— NH, NOs + *Kasout Ca Gou), + 4H,0 + Bea" fg oH 2g. 0H —* 5,0 +140 (ga) co —>c09 + fle Felling, A + Fehling B lusoy + Natom~— ¢ — ey \\ \ ) i] an 0 oH OH OO Cu (on), 2.tu(oH)s 2 + 24,0 2 Wt lo — Sloe + (u,0 rn (oH) + Co 2 so, 4 2H,0 + (u,0 (Red) |, CO ee : 4 ; S033 Mo + 50, eoerpt (nak, Rb, ¢s) CaSoz —4 500 + Sog/f NHy 50s —saNtte 4 Sog) + Ho} 6 Thre coloordin- oma Bovtabing ; (isle oeidie Swede Bunt 6 Ee ir apluble 4m wobiy. . +e dawwn'k uppart vombunibion lit suotlive welaby bum Jin soz. SMa. + Sog——> 2Mq0 + Mas : Tk qlvor Dine wockin tut: Ca(ow),+50,—9Casos | + H20 Corcrinol: M5 (While ctiosbiclity ) : 0 Be qaer Hie dichnomate +e putman gah tit: RoCv207 + 4H,$0y —>cre (soy), + KaSoy + 4H,0 + 3/5 350 + 3le)—— 350, 3S05 + BH0 —> gu coy Kal%074 + H,$0y +3802 —> KyS 04 1 Ot (omngs) 7 ,o Ik quer ve parmamaomdle tuxt- . 2KMn0y -+ SH2S0y —> KeS0y + 2MhnSdy + BHO + 5{0) a SHO + 5 (Soa) + 5{0) —> SHS0y 2K™ndy + 20+ So 2 7 2H280y + KyS0y > 2MnSo jw’ } (Pink) ae (Colowlyy) + $0 ir given out, ak ahodr thst soz? on Hs0;! ray lt pete in tha, gion aoluicy (Sou)s +420 (quam) (a [HS e Fes + H,S0y (cil) —_, 5 + Fesoy » Teaw Aclourdow , suillon og. imal, arishe Tovienclr, Sitmume, ooluble sy vadtey . Te Gow the past Mamgaunstt dichsemale tut. e 2KMnOY + SHeSOy —+> KyS0} + OMmS0y + BHO F 5-6) mS oS 5 —+—> SHO + 5s) 2km H,80y + 54,5 —— Sy, S0u + 8B Psi Kindy +. 3H, S04 + SHS ——> kS0y F2MNS0y + 8H20 + SJ _ Q ) 19 ¢ _ + Grives yellow ppt: lbh basoplalime. axis 7 2NH3 + Ha [ Pkelg] —o(NHy),, [met] (Yello) oe Nat ton pruseat am tht given aalt ; : . - Sol in NaoH . he PP With Mencwrc Bott co ‘ Gives a pckankes nue sper rurych No - ol a ¢ { ) Noo (wnire) X a ne A , . , NHyNOs —————> 94,0 + No ( Nidtxour couide) 0 tolowrlorr, rutin Towards Litmur, N20 + 41,0 —> HyN2.Oo - (Hypowitrown- acid HO—-N==N——O-—H of eouyaen bu. mon dr ; ; was thaw ody Wy NoO © YENOP Hom ammonium ton ame nibate ton ma, be prerewit Jim tg giver, abt. . ik giver tye dictoma, tye Putmamaile Taek ? : No ‘ A ° (NHy) 1,04 =e Np D + CGO, + UO - NHy Noo ae ee No} 4 24,0 ol u + 2ND2 + Neo, (eocaet’ Nak Rb, es + 2No, + 0. ( Bstowsn) oviwrde Ditur. Te dimolwey Jn alkali amok fos « Pumauit aval sioion acide : Jwo rally (Nano, , NaWos). \ 0 Mos tm Mad. le. pourri yea - stay, tut = Brown sing. “Ce OND — 34 + 8d. HNos —_, 34 (Noa), + 2mofiatno lolowds , neuds {, inachuale im Naor, Nok tit —> Nos (Boron) loan, suntbive moth (Cu, Pb Ag.» Hy) 134 Fe (soy) -TH,0 — Fe, 0s + So, 4 Sos / ion may be wy (Red Browse) Drown —> Fecls un a given Aalt- cls bH0 2 > cf (ow, + SHel + sH,0 Made. bH.O 2 5 Ma. (on) el Wel + 5H,0 doe (Pgdane *) asiclar Lito ° HEL ~ tahile, pumaeat rool, weidie. , ite OqpLoun’ pol” yr cide, Tova Tk senile with He to qe deat rahike fumes (NHyC!) Nox +HeL——> Agel] + HNO es pees Aa cl + 2NHy0H —>| Aig (NHs)] el 4 2H,0 (421 tomplex) + loved yd Alas om baing. it cl gon ; Pbely—"-> phel, + ch 2HigCla —s Hacla + ely T Zlyely 4 lugel s+ Cly t Fy, —> Nullow | The, a vm) Baia Brown) vinlot : Cla, —>Pumgant favsll gay . 8 y Hel] el, Cpr Nolow , tun chiaridoy Con mou be prantut im tt Aalt gissen, SnClp——> Sucla + ci, t . “Hy Hy dit Toviorda, Lihmuw , (aqusoua). Ee sunt i0ith Nis 46 give donee ares a NH3 + HO ——__s WH Bry + ( Wonoe hide tumss) Aa Nos +HBy— 3 Ho, 4 Re Bot (yetlens) - Ag +2NHyoH —__. Le. (ns), O54 + 120 ; GPrsdial ooluble > catdin| Tp ——Na28y04+ 1040 —* > nebo, + 3,05 (Basie. wn husdousl) eer) B25 + MO ————s M (80), (coloured mite baxadin,) (ely. echoed Siramrition ital (om give tin Saat) rs (4Soy —>— > wo 4. SOs No\2By0 + }0H,0 ——_s 2NaBo, + B05 + 10H,0 lang WO + BOs, tu (Bo), —> lieing (Lepper (+2) may esa) oie a (80), + @ —» Cu, ( 't eli flame {M2 (8), + ¢—s oa or wm Lolo (Reel > Bos), + to ——> Hot th Catnios), A 5 C99 4 2Noy 4 Yn. beidipi ining, Nd Bi,04. DH,0—"5 2 NaBo, + 80; + IoH,0 Coo + tds = Co (602), Ls Bisa Bead whe EA Fe (Soy, 4 » fe,ds + 3805 with hay N4a6y01 > 2Na Bos + 80s + toH0 © flume’ Fex0s¢ 38,03 2F0. (Bor), Gillin Baad) : ( Fase mata boonte) ; bed m } ae (B02), —o_2Fe (S02), + Co + B05 FeSoy -“>F e205 +50) +80, 4A - 2MnSoy ——? 2Mnd + 2S05 \ dining S03 Son + Mpa \ flawe {a ptno + ‘Jy. ——>Nn, 0s Mn $04 os Mn, 03 + Sd. + Sox Mng03 + 3Bs05 >2Mm(Gor)s Gj - ‘tenet | 2m (80), —<—> Mn (02), + BOs + Cof 7 Clowdow 4 -.. \ Sn (6-),—-> 4,05 4 30, Sm "t Na, By 07 -10H,0—— 2Nakoy + 8,03 + 10,0 7 CV 04 + 38,05 — > 204 (Bo2)s A ) rant 20 (60) > 26 (oe | ; in feels - Yellow : NiSoy aes NiO + Sog wang a ) F a Noe Byor- {OH,0 —>2Na Bo, 4 6,03 + (oH20 . CH baktieus NiO B03 ——> Ni (Box), eh 7 ae .¢ Ni (02), nh af + loft B20; tu9 A Mnt2nit2 Zins —m bhi pot cl(c) + NHy OM Znt Mat? Nj w) Ty bosup NAyCl(e) + NHy My s: ppt sl oe a aot (0S,NiS—» ih ppt i) X bueup Niigets), FAME Bah Sets plea aacb, Gatos Qs : (NHy)o os (qt Cos” J i ee en ae NHy Poy OH) TT bemup Hae bon an oe + NIH fou E e COB, NID dlisSelire amy only AYA. Sepa. ZERE 3p iw p (Hy), oz + 2Na0H ——> Na, Cox a 2NHs ty 2,0 Hy), Soy + 2NaoH ——, Nao Soy + 2nHs Py 2H,0 NHy.NOz + NaoH ——_, Nano, + Nis} + H.0 NHy-NOy 4 NooH —__ Na Non + NH, t + ho ° Ay oummroniun abt + neoy —_, NHs (ga) a NH Tuy (s0d fo blur’) Litmuy . g sional —aNiyel (Manag calle fumes) te NH3+2 kaha dy + 3KkOH er + TRI = YH— NH, 4 2H20 C@raun pps.) fa 4 rhs uy fF (NH3),] $04 (op Laat 2) (amiitse7'§, Reagont) : (@)) Heel, + 2NHg ———> NHycl + ra ° (vk ppt) ; ‘al Hq o(N0s), + 2NHs ——> Ha (NHa) (Nos) Ha + sian Bia ack G4 ~(D) Halftets] + 2NHs—> (uri), [Phele] (eblno pt) er SY Ph (Nos) (29) F Hel (bl) —> Poel}. 2HNog toaup Reap bul Poel + hat 40 ———s PPL. dlidrolvey- Pb Cle + Pb (Nos), PhI, 4 2KI 2HNOg ——___5 Pb (Nos). 2HeL (eal -tie + 2kr ——___, ‘Pbr,| + 2kNo Gallo * a) (exes) > Ke (Py) (colousden) Pb (Nos), ya ky CrDy — PL C04 | 2 no, ue Po(Nes) , + 2NaoH — “Nae, Nog Pb (eH), | Pb (OH), + 2Naoy ——> Ne PhDs + DH,0 Pb (NO Cueess) 3), did. H,S04—> PbS0u |+2HNo » i hota Ag NOs (ay) + ol. Her fgets HNO Agel | + het 1,0 — Foooluble Aacl|+ 2,144.04 —» Chg. (wis) Jel 2H,0 0H (ok. vpn) ong dl F NG2620 3s onNae] Pg S205}, (Wile) A + 2rass905 > AL AAAS Nas Cig. (S.05)] (olwhule) Bf. ) , t sik dihH 8 «pare Gurup aoa eL +H Pb (Nos), + Hp$ (dit-Hel) Pb | F 2HNOs PoS + 60}, 2HNO0s~——> Pb (Nos), + HS KL ae) mr Pe, ———-- ka [PbI4] ) kere > Phew Oy 7 No , ww Pb 2, [as > Pb for), 2 Habits, Nay PhO, th Pb Soul, Hg*# Hq (NOs), + Hos ——> H 2HNO. we ¢ 2 tig a Has + St]-HNOs3 ——> Fivgoluble 2HaS + bHeL + 2HNDs—> 2Nael + 28) aHgch,|+ 4H,0 Coue® : ve tT, 2" ey [rg 14] Hic, +: Ha ge}, tare Hg Cry (hed) Syt: OS Hg jc], Sacha _, 2Hq. | { queen | Oloek) oe Lu(NOs), + HS ——> tus|, (Blut)y2 NNos TEL ls * Gop HNOs —» ux (nos), (od) + Hes LEU (Nos), + HHH YOH (exxtm) ——> [eu (ohs)y] (nos), + 40 clavp ug ir) 24 (Nos), + ku [Fe (o).] urs [Fe(en)] +4KNos (Chee. beim) 149 es! eee + KON —s Galen, + “2KHos Ct, oS Ou (este (cn), tysfext), + KON —> 2K s(t (ewa] ta (3) t 10 Kent 132k 5 [ea CN)4] + HKNOSA(CAD m GY cd(wos), 4 bys ——2 As (yallon) | 32 HNO — GB dds + 50}. Hnos ——> ed (Hos), (ool) +428 SD rel (Nos), + eat [Fe (cr),]-2 HK evlos + coy [Fe(cn),] boli cd (Nos), + 2keN —> bed CMDs + 2KNos e+ 2KON —> ky [ed (en)u] (20h) poe eee cd (N03), + YUKON —> Ky [eol (en) ] + 2K NO _— Hy)» So Bi (Nos), ++ SHS —» Bi,5s (Bleek) L +6 HNO ae AS hls) _ SBE Bi(nos), + ss8 —> 91,55 (ek) + | Hnlog KD Biss 4 bHNos (504) —> 201 (Nos) "> 3H,S Bi (Nos), 4 SHeL— Bicly-+ 3HClog SQ Diels + gx¢ 5 BIT (Dlect) + skeL Ci, + wumir—s K [Bi Ty] —> onsmge TP Biclg + Ho —> Bi ocg] + 2het LE (ite ibid) CER ESK “0 ) ORR Ss Ted 2 [Bits + 3naoy —-svaet + (oH), ] 2Asela + 3H,8 AseSq + bHeL Asetls + S(NHy),S2~—~ 2(NHy)y A554 +S Aso Ss + Heb (toner) -_—xX {Ass da Jmeolsy une’ HeL? As aSs /22HNOs——>2Hsf's Oy + 3802 +22No, + RH,0 + (Hu), Mody vata Wr + NH4OH FeCly + SNHyOH ———» 3NHycl + FelOH | put Beaisy Felon), + SHCL ——> Feel 5 (ao}.)-3H,0 ; (Geo Rad) 4 Feels + Sky[Fe (cs),] —>i2kel +e « [Fen], _ (Puro Su) ~ Fecls + S¢tH,cooy—> ( lie + 3HeL crs Con(on) Fey Gunie Fuse aut — rw PPE. ~ Feels +SNHySCN ——>SNHUCl + Fe (sen), | (Btooa Rad PP) . ow, op bo Teste clinolve. in NaoH : WG a) , (a (wos)? CoD + Moat + 0s . bose? Al (OW), dr ompholiue } @ Alels + SNHyH —> 3NHyel + Al(OH) | (Webabineute wih ppt) @ Al(on)s + sHelldt)—> Wels + sH,0 [AL@H s+ Bua ee aes eanSe (20h) © NBALO, +3NHyel —— SNacl + AoW) 4 NHsf oe (acl CGeloHinous vshike. PPt-) ~ 3H,0 + 2Ne3 Mos + 3lo2—> BNa,Cos + of (on), 7 Cwlabinous volibe ppt) 1Se 7 Yue add Ca(Nos), , trom Wit gt a blur eolou ov Ca (nos), wall give un (cat) on naling aPi(on), + Co (NOs), —“ > Blut ppt (f,05- co0) Mr : ® Cxcly + SNHyOH ——> SNHyCl + cr (0¥)5 | (Sod, gnu) ®@ cr(on), + sHeL ——* crels + 3H,0- Qolubse @ crels + SNoOH——~ sNotel + cw(oH); | @ 2er(or), 5 crys + 9x40 cx4654 3H,0 —s 2c 05 + SH20 2erty + 4N@OH—>Nqy Cry + 2HL0 a 2.64 (0H) 5 + 3H,02 > Na ,C¥ Dy + 8 H20 No ——> (yates) _— -,t Nay Cr0y + Pb(tu, 00), —> hati 2CHs, CoONa ea eee white, <——_Zn 73 allow? Colow” Coblivy Kg [Fe (erg ] > Red Brown LSolid 5 Lignt yellow \Vasel™ Light Green. C¥203 + HO. + Nao + Ch, coo), Ob \Alow ppl yu! Pp buveup saoauit - NMy ¢I(s) + NHyoH +H, SY ant? (Fmphastint) ash) ® Mel, + 4,8 > ZnSj, + 2her od. @ ZS*+ aheL——; tnely + H,$ ZnS + 2Nav4 ——> Na,Zn0,+ H,S “ Ly sgl. © 2twely + ku [Fe (en), ]— Yel + WM, [Fe (oud]| wer