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NURS 328 - Quiz 2 Questions & Answers 100%
Correct(SCORED A+)
research studies - ANSWER-often peer reviewed by two reviewers and are BLIND reviewed hypotheses - ANSWER-used when conducting experimental or quasi experimental research in the quantitative paradigm. A hypothesis - ANSWER-Consists of an independent variable and a dependent variable; these variables are described in relation to each another. Experimental - ANSWER-In a(n) ___________ design the researcher controls (manipulates) the independent variable and randomly assigns subjects to different conditions. pre-experimental - ANSWER-A(n) __________design does not include mechanisms to compensate for the absence of either randomization or control group quasi-experimental - ANSWER-In a(n) _______ design the investigator does not randomly assign participants but does manipulate the independent variable and controls to enhance the internal validity. non-experimental - ANSWER-In a(n) ___________ design the researcher collects data without introducing any treatment.
- This experimental design is sometimes called a crossover design. In the repeated measure design one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition in random order. repeated measure - ANSWER-This experimental design is sometimes called a crossover design. In the ________________design one group of subjects is exposed to more than one condition in random order. non-equivalent - ANSWER-This is a type of quasi-experimental design that involves a comparison group that was not developed on the basis of random assignment. It is called a _______________ control group design.
retrospective study - ANSWER-A(n) ________________ begins with the occurrence of the dependent variable in the present and then links this effect to some presumed cause which occurred in the past. dependent variable - ANSWER-The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. Independent variable - ANSWER-Also known as the treatment the variable that is manipulated Dependent variable - ANSWER-Is the outcome is caused by the independent variable Research studies in the quantitative paradigm - ANSWER-Three main types: Experimental, quasi experimental, nonexperimental in an experimental design - ANSWER-The researcher manipulates the independent variable or introduces an intervention Subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment or a control group (Randomized controlled trial) (May be used to test a new drug) A Quasi experimental design - ANSWER-differs slightly from experimental subjects are not randomly assigned to reatment or a control group the researcher is still manipulating the independent variable or introducing an intervention
Petrik's study focuses on how members of a particular American subculture provide end-of-life care.
- ANSWER-2. Petrik studied end-of-life caregiving for elders living on a Hopi Reservation in Arizona. ANSWER: B Phenomenology Futterer likely used an interpretive phenomenologic approach to study what respite meant to caregivers who care for a family member with dementia. - ANSWER-3. Futterer studied the meaning of the respite experience of family caregivers of patients with dementia. ANSWER: C Grounded Theory Viator's study focuses on the process of decision making and following through on a decision and would most likely use grounded theory methods - ANSWER-4. Viator explored how pregnant women managed the process of deciding on and arranging a home birth. ANSWER: A Ethnography Neumann undertook a focused ethnography of the cultural norms and behaviors of patients in residence at a mental health care facility. - ANSWER-5. Neumann's study focused on reciprocal care- seeking and caregiving behavior among patients within the culture of an in-patient mental health care facility. non-probability sampling - ANSWER--Includes systematic sampling -Quota sampling is an example -Snowball sampling is an example -Can be used with entire populations or with selected strata -Yields better results when samples are large -Elements are selected by nonrandom methods F - ANSWER-The researcher hand-picks people to be included in a study in cluster sampling. (T/F) :-) the investigator may omit some important information - ANSWER-A disadvantage of closed ended interview questions is that: :-) participant observation - ANSWER-In this technique the investigator collects observational data while participating in the activities of the group being observed. Hermeneutics - ANSWER-the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation, especially of the Bible or literary texts.
Indigenous Research Methods - ANSWER-Indigenous ways of knowing, living in and learning about the world. Narrative Inquiry - ANSWER-research that views stories - whether gathered through field notes, interviews, oral tales, blogs, letters, or autobiographies - as fundamental to human experience. phenomena - ANSWER-observable facts; subjects of scientific investigation Qualitative studies - ANSWER-involve the exploration of phenomena methods or designs used in qualitative paradigm - ANSWER-Ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, other common methods for exploring qualitative research questions - ANSWER-Narrative inquiry, hermeneutics, and the qualitative descriptive approach :-) in vivo measures - ANSWER-Biophysiologic measures taken directly within a human being are called: :-) A questionnaire - ANSWER-This type of data collection technique can provide respondents with anonymity. :-) An interview - ANSWER-The following type of data collection technique usually yields a high response rate. 3 - ANSWER-On a five-point Likert scale, a person who neither agreed nor disagreed with the statement would be scored as a: :-) Visual analog scales - ANSWER-A method used to measure such experiences as pain or fatigue is called:
The sample was a consecutive sample of patients meeting eligibility criteria; they were not selected at random. - ANSWER-1. Turner randomly assigned 50 men and 50 women smokers who responded to a recruitment notice to a smoking cessation intervention or to a control group. Probability Kane used a systematic sample that was initiated by selecting a random number. - ANSWER-Kane sampled every 25th nurse on a roster of licensed nurses in Florida to study their use of personal digital assistants. The starting number of 12 was selected at random. Nonprobability The sample was a convenience sample from five nursing homes; residents were not selected at random, and the statement does not suggest a "quota" for each nursing home. - ANSWER-Casey randomly assigned 152 elders recruited from five nursing homes to a foot massage or wait-list group to assess effects on levels of depression. Probability The sample was a simple random sample of students, presumably drawn at random from a student roster. - ANSWER-Marshall randomly selected 250 students from a large university to study their use of drugs and alcohol. Reliability Rocco used a test-retest reliability approach to assess the stability of the self-efficacy scale over time.
- ANSWER-Rocco administered her self-efficacy scale to 50 patients twice, 1 week apart. The coefficient between the two sets of scores was .82. Validity Rogers was assessing criterion validity by using the Actiwatch sleep efficiency measure as the "gold standard" criterion for the new insomnia scale. - ANSWER-Rogers examined the relationship between scores on a self-report insomnia scale and sleep efficiency indexes as measured by an Actiwatch wristband. Reliability Sheeley was assessing the interrater reliability of the observers on the new scale. - ANSWER-Sheeley compared the degree of agreement in the scoring of two independent observers on a new scale to measure agitation in the elderly. Reliability
Pfortmiller was assessing the internal consistency reliability of his scale. - ANSWER-Pfortmiller assessed the degree to which the 12 items on his resilience scale measured a unitary attribute; he calculated a coefficient of .91. Validity Pulley was using the known-groups technique to test the construct validity of her scale. - ANSWER- Pulley compared scores on her Breastfeeding Anxiety Scale for two groups: women in their first pregnancy and women who were lactation consultants. Purposive Armer used purposive (maximum variation) sampling in recruiting participants with a broad range of characteristics. - ANSWER-Armer explored nightmares in hospitalized children and recruited both boys and girls from different socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Theoretical Dinsmore used theoretical sampling to help develop and refine categories of the grounded theory. - ANSWER-Dinsmore's grounded theory study involved sampling patients whose experiences helped to better understand the emerging category of lost control. Snowball Oppenheim got referrals for people who regretted having pursued genetic testing from early participants in the sample. - ANSWER-Oppenheim, in his study of regret among patients who had had genetic testing, asked early participants to refer friends with similar experiences. Purposive Skaine used purposive (extreme case) sampling in recruiting teenagers at either extreme in terms of their weight. - ANSWER-Skaine's study of eating patterns and self-esteem in adolescents involved interviews with both anorexic and obese teenagers aged 14 to 17 years. Convenience Meagher recruited drug users using a sample of convenience—those who happened to see the notice in the shelter. - ANSWER-In her study of injection drug users' use of health care facilities, Meagher recruited participants by posting a notice on a homeless shelter bulletin board. Ratio - ANSWER-A measurement level with equal distances between scores and true meaning zero, and that provide information about the magnitude of an attribute.
true - ANSWER-In the following statement of results the results are not statistically significant at conventional levels (r = .12, df = 33, p> .05) multiple regression analysis - ANSWER-A procedure that allows researchers to use more than one independent variable to explain a dependent variable is called: Multivariance analysis of variance (MANOVA) is: - ANSWER-- the extension of ANOVA to more than one dependent variable
- used to test the significance of differences between the means of two or more groups on two or more dependent variables
- appropriate for examining the effect of two methods of exercise on both diastolic and systolic blood pressure Criteria for Trustworthiness - ANSWER-Credibility, dependability, confirmability, transferability Credibility - ANSWER-- refers to conidence in the truth of the data
- prolonged engagement and persistent observation may enhance this Dependability - ANSWER-- refers to the stability over time and over conditions
- stepwise replication is one approach used to assess this aspect of trustworthiness level of measurement (In quantitative research) - ANSWER-the way of classifying measurement according to the type of mathematical operation involved, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio Reliability - ANSWER-the ability of a scale to produce consistent results validity - ANSWER-the degree to which a scale measures what it is designed to measure. credibility - ANSWER-the criterion for evaluating the integrity of qualitative research; it signifies the stability of the finding over time and across conditions confirmability - ANSWER-the trustworthiness of the qualitative study in relation to the objectivity of the data and analysis
Chi-squared test A chi-squared test would be used to test differences in proportions between the two groups on a nominal-level variable, ever used versus never used an illegal drug. - ANSWER-1. Tucker tested the difference in the proportion of smokers versus nonsmokers who had ever tried an illegal drug. t-Test or ANOVA A t-test would be used to test differences in the means between the two groups of mothers on a ratio-level variable, birth weight. - ANSWER-2. Chase tested the difference in the mean birth weights of infants whose mothers either had or had not participated in a special prenatal education program. Pearson's r A correlation coefficient (r ) would be used to test the relationship between two interval-level variables, scores on two tests. - ANSWER-3. Powjanowski tested the significance of the relationship between scores on a functional ability test and a cognitive performance test in nursing home residents. t-Test or ANOVA ANOVA would be used to test differences in the means of the three groups of patients on a variable measured on an interval-level scale, anxiety scores. - ANSWER-Hutchings compared mean preoperative anxiety levels in three groups of patients with different types of cancer. Chi-squared test Chi-squared tests would be used to test differences in proportions between the two units on a nominal-level variable, patients who fell versus did not fall. - ANSWER-Messina compared the percentage of patients who had a fall in two hospital units, one of which had implemented a new patient safety protocol. Magnitude of effects The index d is an effect size indicator that communicates the size of an intervention's effect - ANSWER-In Begley's study of the effect of a foot massage versus care as usual on anxiety in nursing home patients, you consider whether the value of d encourages adoption. Credibility Verifying that results corroborate earlier findings is one approach to assessing the credibility of the results - ANSWER-In Rogers' study of the relationship between amount of nursing care and adverse outcomes to patients, you check whether the results are consistent with previous research.
Grounded Theory The goal of grounded theory analysis is to identify a core category in the data. - ANSWER-In a study of stress in operating room nurses, Casey identified the core category as moral reckoning. Triangulation Futterer used data (person) triangulation to gain different perspectives on the meaning of hope. - ANSWER-In a study of hope in critically ill patients, Futterer gathered data from patients, nurses, and family members. Triangulation Smerud used method (and person) triangulation to better understand the culture of the NICU. - ANSWER-Smerud gathered data about the culture of an NICU by interviewing nursing staff and by observing parent-infant and parent-nurse interactions. Member checking Horsch used member checking with study participants to validate the thematic analysis. - ANSWER-In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch asked 4 of the 12 participants to review key themes that emerged in the analysis. Peer review Horsch asked two colleagues with relevant expertise to help validate the thematic analysis. - ANSWER-In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch asked a patient safety expert and a phenomenologist to review the themes. Triangulation Horsch and Corbaccio used investigator triangulation to reduce the risk of biased interpretation of the data. - ANSWER-In a study of nurses' experience of having made a medication error, Horsch and his colleague Corbaccio independently coded five interviews and collaborated in the analysis. Statistical testing - ANSWER-provides statement of probability that treatment was effective statistical significance - ANSWER-a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
p-value - ANSWER-The probability level which forms basis for deciding if results are statistically significant (not due to chance). Themes - ANSWER-Overarching ideas or driving premises of a work. raw data - ANSWER-The original data as it was collected. discussion and interpretation - ANSWER- Clinical Implications - ANSWER-A section in a research article that explains if the findings from the study have clinical implications. Research Implications - ANSWER-Subsection in discussion section in which an author indicates what her or his findings mean for the larger community of scholars' understanding of the topic. Study limitations - ANSWER-discussion of the threats to internal and external validity a research critique - ANSWER-an evaluation of a study's strengths and limitations an abstract - ANSWER-a brief description of a research article
- focuses on the purpose of the study, its research questions, methods, hey findings, and implications the introduction - ANSWER-addresses the key issue or problem that will be studied, the purpose of the study, and its research question, and appraisal of related research The methods section - ANSWER-includes the research design, a description of how sampling was conducted, methods of measuring variables or investigating study phenomena, and data collections, study procedures, (including ethical considerations. The results section - ANSWER-includes findings of the study, a description of study participants, statistical tests used, and statistical significance, or themes and raw data the discussion - ANSWER-includes an interpretation of results, clinical and research implications and study limitations
Key questions of quantitative research design - ANSWER-- will there be an intervention?
- what specific design will be used?
- what type of comparisons will be made to illuminate relationships Broad Quantitative Research Design Options - ANSWER-experimental, quasi-experimental, non- experimental within-subjects design (Quantitative) - ANSWER-same people are compared at different times or under different conditions between-subjects design (Quantitative) - ANSWER-Different people are compared (e.g., men and women). control over confounding variables - ANSWER-How will confounding variables be controlled? Which specific confounding variables will be controlled? Randomization, crossover, homogeneity, matching, statistical control masking (blinding) (Quantitative) - ANSWER-From whom will critical information be withheld to avert bias? Time frames (Quantitative) - ANSWER--How often will data be collected? -When, relative to other events, will data be collected? Relative timing (Quantitative) - ANSWER-when will information on independent and dependent variables be collected - looking forward or backward in time?
- retrospective (case control), prospective (cohort) Location (quantitative) - ANSWER-- where will the study take place?
- setting choice; single site versus multisite False - a quasi-experimental research design involves a controlled trial without randomization. - ANSWER-(T/F) An experimental research design involves a nonrandomized controlled trial.
Causality - ANSWER-- Many, if not most, quantitative research questions are about causes and effects.
- research questions that seek to illuminate causal relationships need to be addressed with appropriate designs. counterfactual (the counterfactual model of causality) - ANSWER-is what would have happened to the same people exposed to a "cause" if they simultaneously were not exposed to the cause. effect (the counter factual model of causality) - ANSWER-represents the difference between what actually did happen when exposed to the cause and what would happen with the counterfactual condition. Criteria for Causality - ANSWER-Three key criteria for making causal inferences: The cause must precede the effect in time. There must be a demonstrated association between the cause and the effect. The relationship between the presumed cause and effect cannot be explained by a third variable or confounder; another factor related to both the presumed cause and effect cannot be the "real" cause. Temporal - ANSWER-the cause must precede the effect in time relationship - ANSWER-there must be a demonstrated association between the cause and the effect. confounder - ANSWER-there relationship between the presumed cause and effect cannot be explained by a third variable or confounder; another factor related to both the presumed cause and effect cannot be the 'real' cause. biologic plausibility (additional criterion for health research) - ANSWER-the causal relationship should be consistent with evidence from basic physiologic studies different designs are appropriate for different questions - ANSWER-Therapy, prognosis, etiology/harm, and description. Experimental designs - ANSWER-3 main components:
- researchers describe the intervention in formal protocols that stipulate exactly what the treatment is. attention must be paid to intervention fidelity ( or treatment fidelity), that is, whether the treatment as planned was actually delivered and received Control group conditions (counterfactuals) - ANSWER--No intervention is used; control group gets no treatment at all. -"Usual care"—standard or normal procedures used to treat patients -An alternative intervention is used (e.g., auditory vs. visual stimulation). -A placebo or pseudointervention, presumed to have no therapeutic value, is used. -A lower dose or intensity of treatment or only portions of it are administered. attention control - ANSWER-extra attention, but not the active ingredient of the intervention Delayed treatment ("wait-listed controls") - ANSWER-the intervention is given at a later date. Symbolic representation: R O X O O R O O X O Advantages and disadvantages of experiments - ANSWER-Advantages—most powerful for detecting cause and effect relationships Disadvantages—often not feasible or ethical, Hawthorne effect (knowledge of being in a study may cause people to change their behavior.), often expensive quasi-experiments - ANSWER-involves an intervention but lack either randomization or control group Two main categories:
- nonequivalent control group designs (those getting the intervention are compared with a nonrandomized comparison group)
- within-subjects designs (one group is studied before and after the intervention)
nonequivalent control group design - ANSWER-Post test only is much weaker X O O one-group pretest-posttest design - ANSWER-typically yield extremely weak evidence of causal relationships O1 X O Time-series designs - ANSWER-gather preintervention and postintervention data over a longer period O1 O2 O3 O4 X O5....O advantages and disadvantages of quasi-experiments - ANSWER--May be easier and more practical than true experiments, but: -They make it more difficult to infer causality -Usually there are several alternative rival hypotheses for results Within-subjects - ANSWER-Which design is considered a quasi-experimental research design? -pretest-posttest -posttest-only -crossover -within-subjects Nonexperimental studies - ANSWER-If researchers do not intervene by controlling independent variable, the study is nonexperimental (observational). Not all independent variables ("causes") of interest to nurse researchers can be experimentally manipulated. For example, gender cannot ever be manipulated. Smoking cannot ethically be manipulated. correlational designs - ANSWER-Cause-probing questions (e.g., prognosis or harm/etiology questions) for which manipulation is not possible are typically addressed with a correlational design.
