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Radiographic Pathology -
Final solution
The medical term for a red blood cell is: - ANS-Erythrocyte The medical term for blood platelets is: - ANS-Thrombocytes Leukocytes are: - ANS-White blood cells In a normal person, the red blood cell count is: - ANS-4.5 million to 6 million/mm In a normal person, the white blood cell count is: - ANS-5000 to 10,000/mm Iron deficiency anemia usually results from: - ANS-Chronic blood loss What type of anemia is caused by defective red blood cells with a shortened life span? - ANS-Hemolytic anemia
Which type of anemia is caused by a B12 deficiency? - ANS-Megaloblastic anemia Which type of hemolytic anemia is generally confined to blacks? - ANS-Sickle cell anemia Which form of hemolytic anemia causes the most severe radiographic changes? - ANS-Thalassemia A neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells is termed: - ANS-Leukemia Radiographic evidence of lymphoma on a chest x-ray is characterized by: - ANS- Asymmetric, bilaterally enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes An inherited anomaly in blood coagulation that appears clinically only in males is termed: - ANS-Hemophilia Thrombocytopenia is defined as: - ANS-A deficiency in the number of platelets in the blood A deficiency in the number of platelets is called: - ANS-Purpura The secondary ossification center in a long bone is the: - ANS-Epiphysis An inherited disorder of connective tissue characterized by multiple fractures is: - ANS-Osteogensis imperfecta For brittle bone disease, the radiographer should: - ANS-Decrease exposure factors This disease process begins as an inflammation of the synovial membrane causing synovial proliferation; this disorder is called: - ANS-Rheumatoid arthritis The fluid-filled sac located near joints becomes inflamed, which results in: - ANS- Bursitis
A fracture usually caused by falling on an outstretched hand resulting in posterior displacement of the distal fragment of the radius is a: - ANS-Colles' fracture A fracture of the arch of C2 anterior to the inferior facet usually associated with anterior subluxation of C2 and C3 is known as a: - ANS-Hangman's fracture Forward displacement of one vertebra on the other resulting in back pain caused by cleft in the pars interarticularis is: - ANS-Spondylolisthesis Compaction of the bone: - ANS-Compression fx Encircles the bone shaft: - ANS-Sprial fx Approximately 45 degree to the long axis of the bone: - ANS-Oblique fx Right Angles to the long axis of the bone: - ANS-Transverse fx Estrogen is secreted by the: - ANS-Ovaries What is an ectopic pregnancy? - ANS-A pregnancy that implants somewhere other than the uterus A painful condition in which endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus is termed: - ANS-Endometriosis An acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid is called: - ANS-Meningitis Meningitis is an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges. An infection in the sinuses, middle ear, or upper respiratory tract can cause meningitis. A brain abscess is usually the result of a: - ANS-Chronic infections of sinuses, middle ear, or mastoids or systemic infections (that is, pneumonia)
Brain abscesses are usually caused by chronic infections in adjacent structures, such as the paranasal sinuses, middle ear, mastoid, or from systemic infections. Unusual organisms can cause brain abscesses in persons with HIV. What is the most common primary malignant brain tumor? - ANS-Glioma Which of the following is the primary imaging modality used to examine head injuries (trauma)? - ANS-CT What is the most common facial bone fracture? - ANS-Nasal bones When the zygoma is separated from the other facial bones, the fracture is known as a _____ fracture. - ANS-Tripod fracture A tripod fracture is when the zygoma is separated from the other facial bones. A Le Fort fracture involves the maxillae, whereas a blow-out fracture is on the orbital rim. Which of the following facial fractures is usually caused by a direct blow to the orbit? - ANS-Blow-out fracture Which projection is useful in demonstrating fractures of the zygomatic arches? - ANS-SMV Focal neurologic defects that completely resolve within 24 hours are known as: - ANS-Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) A TIA is defined as a focal neurologic defect that completely resolves within 24 hours. A stroke is also a focal neurologic defect, but of a greater magnitude and time frame. Viral inflammation of the brain is termed: - ANS-Encephalitis
Which of the following are radiograhic imaging procedures of the female reproductive system that are commonly used today? (1) Mammography (2) Pelvimetry (3) Hysterosalpingography - ANS-1 and 3 only What is (are) the function (s) of the prostate gland? - ANS-Secrete a thin, alkaline fluid essential to sperm motility Transrectal ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for detection of: - ANS- Carcinoma of the prostate Which is the most common malignancy in women, age 44 to 50? - ANS-Breast Cancer Which of the following are image characteristics of a malignancy in the breast? - ANS-Poorly defined mass with fine, radiating spicules Which imaging modality is best for demonstration of breast tissue surounding breast implants? - ANS-MRI The lower respiratory system consists of: - ANS-Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles The lower respiratory system is the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, which is composed of tubular structures responsible for conducting air from the upper respiratory structures. For what purpose is a chest radiograph obtained after endotracheal tube insertion? - ANS-To insure proper placement/position A chest radiograph should always be obtained immediately after endotracheal intubation to ensure proper positioning because clinical evaluation (bilateral breath
sounds, symmetric thoracic expansion, and palpation of the tube in the sternal notch) does not allow detection of the majority of malpositioned tubes. What image is obtained to verify the correct placement of a central venous catheter? - ANS-Chest radiograph Because up to one third of CVP catheters are initially inserted incorrectly, the position of the catheter should be confirmed by a chest radiograph. Which of the following complications may occur as a result of central venous catheter insertion or misplacment? (1) pneumothorax (2) air embolism (3) puncture of the subclavian artery - ANS-1, 2 and 3 The anatomy of the subclavian region may lead to complications when a central catheter is introduced via the subclavian vein. Because the pleura covering the apex of the lung lie just deep to the subclavian vein, a pneumothorax may develop. This may be difficult to detect clinically, and thus a chest radiograph (if possible with the patient in an upright position and in expiration) should be obtained whenever insertion of a subclavian catheter has been attempted. Another complication is perivascular CVP catheter placement, which may result in ectopic infusion of fluid into the mediastinum or pleural space. This diagnosis should be suggested if there is rapid development of mediastinal widening or pleural effusion after CVP catheter insertion. Other complications include inadvertent puncture of the subclavian artery, air embolism, and injury to the phrenic nerve. The hereditary disease process characterized by the excretion of viscous mucus blocking the air passages is: - ANS-Cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (mucoviscidosis) is a hereditary disease characterized by the secretion of excessively viscous mucus. Thick mucus secreted by mucosa in the trachea and bronchi blocks the air passages. Croup is a(n): - ANS-Viral infection of the subglottic region of the trachea
A crippling and debilitating condition resulting from trapped air causing a loss of elasticity in the alveoli is callled: - ANS-Emphysema Emphysema is a crippling and debilitating condition in which obstructive and destructive changes occur in small airways. Continuous bronchial narrowing and loss of elasticity, exacerbated by cigarette smoking, make it very difficult for the patient to exhale the stale air The resulting air trapping and overinflation of the lung lead to alveolar distention and eventually to the rupture of alveolar septa. The hallmark of pulmonary overinflation in cases of emphysema is: - ANS-Flattened diaphragms To best demonstrate pulmonary emboli, the noninvasive modality of choice is: - ANS-High-resolution CT Air in the cavity surrounding the lung is known as: - ANS-Pneumothorax The heart rate is controlled by the: - ANS-Autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system controls the heart rate, whereas the sympathetic nervous system controls the release of epinephrine in times of stress to provide increased heart rate and force of contractions. The _____ separates the right and left sides of the heart. - ANS-Septum The septum is the partition that separates the chambers on the right and left sides of the heart. Papillary muscles attach to AV valve cusps. Myocardium is the muscle layer of the heart, and endocardium is the delicate inner layer of the heart. What is the function of the pericardium? - ANS-Protect against friction and permit free movement of the heart during contraction Which imaging modality is the most definitive, yet the most invasive, for demonstration of the heart atria and ventricles? - ANS-Angiography
What is atherosclerosis? - ANS-Fatty deposits on the inner lining of arteries What is a myocardial infarction? - ANS-Death of myocardial cells The inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide an adequate supple to the tissues is called: - ANS-Congestive heart failure CHF is the inability of the heart to propel blood at a rate and volume sufficient to provide an adequate supple to the tissues. Myocardial infarction is a death of myocardial cells caused by a lack of blood supply. Coronary angioplasty is a procedure to expand stenotic lesions in the coronary arteries. Cardiogenic shock is caused by decreased output, despite an adequate blood volume. Which of the following are causes of congestive heart failure? (1) Hypertension (2) Impaired heart contractions (3) Increased peripheral resistance to blood flow - ANS-1, 2 and 3 An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues is termed:
- ANS-Pulmonary edema Pulmonary edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular pulmonary tissues. It is usually caused by an increase in pulmonary venous pressure as a result of left-sided heart failure. The leading cause of strokes and CHF is: - ANS-Hypertension High blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure above _____ mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above _____ mm Hg. - ANS-140/ High blood pressure is defined as a systolic pressure above 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure above 90 mm Hg. As a person ages, the allowed systolic pressure is increased 10 mm Hg per decade over age 40.
Which of the following is an emulsifier that aids in the breakdown of fats during digestion? - ANS-Bile What is the function of the gallbladder? - ANS-Store and concentrate bile What increases the likelihood of reflux esophagitis? - ANS-Hiatal hernia What condition is associated with severe reflux esophagitis? - ANS-Barrett's esophagus Difficulty swallowing is termed: - ANS-Dysphagia Which imaging procedure is used to detect esophageal carcinoma? - ANS-Double- contrast barium swallow Dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus are termed: - ANS-Varices Which imaging procedure is used to demonstrate dilated veins in the walls of the esophagus? - ANS-Double-contrast barium swallow What is the most common abnormality found on upper GI exams? - ANS-Hiatal hernia Where is the most common location of gastric ulcers? - ANS-Lesser curvature Where in the stomach do most gastric cancers occur? - ANS-Distal stomach A chronic inflammatory disorder of unknown cause that often affects the terminal ileum is called: - ANS-Crohn's disease The most common cause of a mechanical small bowel obstruction is: - ANS-Fibrous adhesions
Which of the following is a major cause of bowel obstruction in children? - ANS- Intussusception What is intussusception? - ANS-The telescoping of one part of the intestinal tract into another This typical saw-tooth configuration demonstrated on a barium enema exam is evidence of: - ANS-Diverticulosis A twisting of the bowel on itself that may lead to obstruction is termed: - ANS- Volvus What is the current imaging modality of choice for the gallbladder? - ANS- Ultrasound Which of the following is appropriate when imaging a patient with known liver cirrhosis complicated by ascites? - ANS-Increase kVp What is esophageal atresia? - ANS-Congenital condition in which the esophagus ends in a blind pouch Which of the following is strongly correlated with esophageal carcinoma? (1) Excessive alcohol intake (2) Smoking (3) Portal hypertension - ANS-1 and 2 only Progressive shortening and rigidity of the colon and absent haustral patterns are radiographic evidence of - ANS-Chronic ulcerative colitis What is one of the most common causes of obstruction in the large bowel? - ANS- Primary colon cancer
