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The questions and solutions for the final exam of the ece 534 course in spring 2008. The exam covers topics such as probability theory, fourier transforms, markov chains, gaussian processes, and linear systems. Students are required to determine the truth of given statements, find stationary distributions, calculate means and autocorrelation functions, and solve optimization problems.
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ECE 534 Spring 2008
May 5, 2008
e−at (^11) {t≥ 0 } ↔
a + jω and e−a|t|^ ↔ 2 a a^2 + ω^2 , for a > 0
(a) Suppose the joint characteristic function of the random variables X 1 and X 2 satisfies
ΦX 1 ,X 2 (u 1 , u 2 ) =
1 − j(u 1 + u 2 ) − u 1 u 2
Then E[X 1 ] = Var(X 1 ) = 1. (b) If X and Y are random variables with finite second moments, then
E[(X − E[X|Y ])^2 ] ≤ E[(X − Eˆ[X|Y, Y 2 ])^2 ]
(c) If E[(X − E[X|Y ])^2 ] = Var(X), then it is necessarily the case that X and Y are independent. (d) If X is a non-negative random variable with mean 1, then E[log X] ≤ 0. (e) If {Xt} and {Yt} are jointly WSS processes, then the process {Zt} defined by Zt = XtYt is also WSS. (f) R(τ ) = (1 − |τ |)1 (^1) {|τ |≤ 1 } is a valid autocorrelation function for a WSS process. (g) If the PSD of a WSS process {Xt} is given by SX (ω) = (1 − |ω|)1 (^1) {|ω|≤ 1 }, then E[X t^2 ] = 1. (h) If U 1 , U 2 ,... , is a sequence i.i.d. Unif[0,1] random variables and Xn = max{U 1 ,... , Un}, n ≥ 1, then Xn converges in probability as n → ∞. (i) Suppose U ∼ Unif[0, 1] and Xn = cos(2nπU ), n ≥ 1, then Xn converges in probability as n → ∞.
(a) Find the stationary (equilibrium) distribution π. (b) Assuming that X 0 has the stationary distribution you found in part (a), find the joint dis- tribution of X 1 and X 2. (c) Let the continuous-time process {Yt : t ≥ 0 } be defined by
Yt = X 1 + tX 2 , t ≥ 0
Find the mean and autocorrelation function of {Yt}. (d) Is {Yt} m.s. differentiable? If so, find the mean and autocorrelation function of the derivative process {Y (^) t′ }?
Yn =
∏^ n
k=
Xk, n = 1, 2 ,...
(a) Find Var(Yn), n ≥ 1. (b) Find E[Yn|Y 1 ,... , Yn− 1 ], n ≥ 1. (c) Find Eˆ[Yn|Y 1 ,... , Yn− 1 ], n ≥ 1. (d) Find the linear innovations sequence Y˜ 1 , Y˜ 2 ,... (e) For fixed m ≥ 1, let Z = (X 1 + · · · + Xm). Find the LMMSE estimate ˆE[Z|Y 1 ,... , Ym].
P{Xk = − 1 } = P{Xk = 0} = P{Xk = 1} =
Now define a continuous time random process {Yt : t ≥ 0 } as follows:
(a) Show via a counterexample that {Yt} is not a Markov process. Hint: You may want to consider the samples Y 1 , Y 1. 5 and Y 2 in constructing this counterexample. (b) Determine whether or not {Yt} is a martingale. (c) Determine whether or not {Yt} is m.s. differentiable.