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1. NARRATIVE PARAGRAPH
(^) Tells a story or an event , either real or fiction (^) Objective: recreation of a sequence of events (^) Should be arranged chronologically (time order) Must have: Control idea Adequate descriptions Characters Setting Plot Narrative Forms (^) Autobiography- storyteller’s own life (^) Biography- someone's life (^) Epic- about a heroine and their exploits (^) Fable- using animal characters (^) Historical Friction- stories which take place in real historical settings, but fictional characters (^) Legend- story that is based on fact but often includes exaggerations about the hero (^) News- information on current events (^) Parable- illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles Elements of Narrative Paragraph
THE FIVE W’S & H: (WHO, WHAT, WHEN,
WHERE, WHY, HOW)
WHO: CHARACTERS
MAIN CHARACTER PROTAGONIST ANTAGONIST
DYNAMIC VS. STATIC CHARACTER
ROUND VS. FLAT CHARACTER
WHAT : ACTION : PLOT
PLOT - sequence / patterns ELEMENTS OF PLOT Characters Conflict Complications Climax Conclusion CONFLICT - tension or problem MAN VS. MAN MAN VS. HIMSELF MAN VS. SOCIETY MAN VS. NATURE MAN VS. FATE WHEN & WHERE : SETTING : PLACE Where does it happen? When does it happen? WHY : MEANING /THEME idea HOW : POINT OF VIEW : PERSPECTIVE Purpose/effect Symbolism Tone Mood Atmosphere Writing style FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Alliteration Assonance Irony Metaphor Onomatopoeia Personification Symbolism RHETORICAL DEVICES AND EFFECTS Types of Narrative Paragraph (^) Descriptive Narrative conveys time and place
(^) tone and mood (^) Viewpoint Narrative (^) filters events through characters eyes (^) Historical (^) sequence of past events (^) cause and effect example of historical value (^) Linear Narrative (^) sequence of events (^) Nonlinear Narrative (^) shows events out of sequence (^) Personal Narrative (^) a story about a moment in your own life (^) Fictional Narrative (^) a story about a moment in a made-up character’s life Structure of a Narrative Paragraph Example of a Narrative Paragraph: (1) Tum Teav is an interesting story. (2) The story is a real love tragedy happened in the 16 th century in presently Kampong Cham province. (3) It is widely taught in high school. (4) The story begins when Tum and Teav fall in love at their first sight. (5) Their love is so deep that they have abused the traditional barriers and engaged in a pre-marriage love affair – it is strongly prohibited in Khmer culture. (6) Not long after, Teav’s mom arranges a marriage with rich guy for Teav, but fails. (7) Then, Teav is selected as a concubine and sent to the
For persuasive writing Opinion-Reason-Evidence-Opinion (OREO) A view Tell why Give Restate that you you feel examples/ your view have that (^) this way. evidences with some (^) showing feeling! people (^) how this disagree (^) works. with. Example Paragraph Development
- “ You simply must let me go to the Psychedelic Goa trance music festival this weekend. It I don’t go, my friends will think I am totally square and a complete loser, they will then dump me and I will end up with no life whatsoever, and be forced to spend the rest of my life living as a sad recluse with no job, no money, no love-life, no social life and absolutely no future”
- If an athlete was wearing certain underwear, when she won a tournament, she might that the underwear is lucky and always wear it at events in the future. 2. Descriptive Paragraph Describes a thing, a person or a place with detailed and specific information. A descriptive paragraph is a focused and detail-rich account of a specific topic. Paragraphs in this style often have a concrete focus—the sound of a waterfall, the stench of a skunk's spray— but can also convey something abstract, such as an emotion or a memory. Kinds of Descriptive Paragraph What is an Inductive paragraph? The main conclusion is the most important part of the reasoning and usually comes at the end of a paragraph. What is a Deductive paragraph? The topic sentence is then developed in the rest of the paragraph with evidence and reasoning supporting the initial claim. Objective Scientific Description Subjective Impressionistic Description
- uses direct and neutral words
- describing the object as it is; factual and concrete.
- commonly used in transactional writing such as the science books, technical manuals and police records.
- used in creative writings such as poetry and prose.
- uses figures of speech.
- it focuses on the writers’ emotions or feelings towards the subject Fallacies in Argumentation What is Logical Fallacy? (^) It is an error in reasoning or a false assumption that might sound impressive but proves absolutely nothing. Examples of Different Fallacies
- “Tree-hugging environmentalist are so dumb they think plants have feelings and are more important than humans” Characteristics of a Descriptive Paragraph (^) Capture reader’s interest- considering the audience preferences (^) Give readers a visual ide of the subject (visualization)- It is based more on “show” than “tell” (^) Make use of five senses- the use of sensory details and figurative details (^) Either objective (concrete, factual) or subjective (personal)- determined by the king of emotion that writing wants to elicit from the readers.
Sample Writing Plan for a Descriptive Paragraph Sample Descriptive Paragraph My English professor's tiny office is a study in clutter. (topic sentence) The first thing I notice on walking in is the many piles of paper around the room. At the rear of the office, (transition) a two- foot mountain of yellowing paper with tattered edges balances precariously on the file cabinet. (detail) In front of the file cabinet (transition) is my professor's desk, where my professor himself is walled in by four towers of paper, one on each corner. (detail) Beside the desk (transition) a huge bulletin board is covered with all kinds of paper-pictures of famous authors, pictures of students, pictures of friends. (detail) Cartoons are tacked on going every which way, and favorite quotes stick out from the corkboard and wooden frame. (detail) Under the bulletin board, (transition) books of all sizes sit on a warped pine board on top of the radiator. (detail) The floor to ceiling metal bookcase is crammed with all kinds of books, and the overflow is dumped onto the floor. (detail) No one can sit in the green molded- plastic visitor's chair wedged between piles of books (detail) in front of the desk. (transition) It is piled high with papers, a battered briefcase, a newspaper, a jacket and a gym bag. (detail) My professor doesn't seem to mind the clutter, saying, "Oh, have a seat if you can find one." (concluding sentence) Piranha are omnivorous, freshwater fish, which are mostly known for their single row of sharp, triangular teeth in both jaws. Piranhas’ teeth come together in a scissor-like bite and are used for puncture and tearing. Baby piranha are small, about the size of a thumbnail, but full-grown piranha grow up to about 6- inches, and some individual fish up to 2 feet long have been found. The many species of piranha vary in color, though most are either silvery with an orange underbelly and throat or almost entirely black.
4. Process Paragraph A process paragraph either describes how to perform a certain task or describes the process of something happening. **2 Kinds of Process Paragraph
- Directional** (^) explains the directions to perform a task. It provides the reader a set of instructions or a step-by-step guidance 2. Informational (^) explains how something works or how something worked in the past. Its purpose is purely to provide information. Such writing could be found easily in history books. Example: How to make a good cup of tea Making a good cup of tea is exquisitely simple. First, the teapot is heated by filling it with water that has just come to a boil. This water is then discarded, and one teaspoon of loose tea per cup is placed in the teapot (the exact amount may vary according to taste). Fresh water that has just come to a boil is poured into the pot. A good calculation is six ounces of water for each cup of tea. The tea must now steep for three to five minutes; then it is poured through a strainer into a cup or mug. A pound of loose tea will yield about two
How I Deal With My Nephew’s Obsessions Some years ago, my nephew was diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), meaning he often becomes fixated on making something happen that is impractical or impossible. Over the years I have learned, through trial and error, that by taking the following steps I can calm him when he gets into one of his OCD jags. First, I calm myself. I have to stay calm because at first sign of trouble that, for instance, he has become stuck on buying a cat we have seen in an animal shelter I become irritated, even enraged. So I tell myself, This is not the end of the world. I tell myself, His fixation might go on for an hour, but no longer. After I am calm, I listen with a sympathetic ear to the problem. I ask him to tell me what he wants, and I let him talk as long as he wants. I also make a mental note to give the conversation at least ten minutes, even checking my watch to make sure that I do not interrupt (unless asked) until a full ten minutes has passed. Ways to make Breaking up Easier Breaking up with a boyfriend or girlfriend can be easier said than done, but here are five steps that may help the breaking up process. First try to distance yourself by suddenly becoming busier than usual. The next step is to calmly tell the other person that how you are feeling. Then gently let him or her know that you do not want to be together anymore. Then make sure to be sensitive of his or her feelings and answer any questions that he or she may have. For example, if the person starts to cry, use kind words to help comfort him or her. After everything is said and done, take some alone time for your self because everyone has feelings to sort out after a break up. Finally, go out with friends and meet new people. With these five steps it will make the breaking up process smooth for both parties.
5. Classification (^) Came from the word “class” (^) From this word we have the verb to classify (^) The action or process of classifying something according to shared qualities or characteristics. (^) In rhetoric and composition, classification is a method of paragraph or essay development Parts of Classification Paragraph Topic Sentence Identifies the content and purpose of a paragraph, usually the first sentence of the paragraph. Identifies what is to be classified and the categories used. Support Sentence Give more information about each of the categories. Concluding Sentence The concluding sentence summarizes the main point of the paragraph. (optional) Example: First Dates A first date can end up being categorized as successful, a clingy, a boastful or awkward. Successful first dates include both parties expressing information about what they like, who they are, and so forth. Usually, these dates will end in tentative plans for a second one. Clingy dates end up with one of the parties practically begging for information about the other. However, the non- clinger is not interested. On boastful dates, one member of the duo talks about all of his or her skills, talents, and abilities. The listening end of the pair is never asked about his or her life. Awkward first dates generally involve lots of silence or one or both of the partners not knowing how to act appropriately. While many dates occur every day, they can generally fall into one of these categories. Weight Loss People looking to lose weight have a few options: exercise, diet, weight loss pills, and
surgery. Exercising involves going to a gym, working out at home, or joining some sort of class or sports team. Those who are dieting can talk to a doctor about a plan for them. Weight loss pills can be taken, if proper precautions and directions are followed. Individuals who are severely overweight can talk to a doctor about having surgery to lose the weight that they need. There are three different types of rock music, alternative rock, classic rock, and hard rock, also known as metal. Alternative rock features a steady bass drum laying down the beat, with easy flowing guitar riffs over the top. The bass line is toned town, and the lyrics are sung with intensity an authority. Depending on the song, the guitars can either be acoustic guitars or electric guitars. Classic rock combines a steady driving bass drum sound, with high snare overtones, steady and often repeating guitar riffs, and an intensive bass line. The guitars are more often than not all electric guitars, and distortion is rarely used. The lyrics are sung with style and enthusiasm. Hard rock, or metal, features a hard rolling bass drum with an abundant amount of cymbal work. This style of rock uses several electric guitars with heavy distortion to bring a very intense sound. A hard, intense, driving bass line rounds out the style. The lyrics aren’t really sung so much as screamed. It doesn’t matter what your preference is, each different style of rock music is unique on its own. Properties of Classification Paragraph (^) A classification paragraph items are grouped into categories grouped according to shared characteristics. In general, information could be classified into more than one category, but a classification paragraph must stick to a basis of classification. In the paragraph, the topic sentence comprises of two parts: the topic and the basis of classification. (^) A classification essay often includes examples and other supporting details that are organized according to types, kinds, segments, categories, or parts of a whole. To achieve coherence in classification paragraphs, the following transitional words and phrases are important to use. (^) can be divided (^) can be classified (^) can be categorized (^) the first/second/third kind/type, (^) the first/second third category (^) the last category
6. COMPARE & CONTRAST PARAGRAPH Analyzes two subjects by comparing them, contrasting them, or both. (^) Multi- paragraph composition , explains ways in which two or more subject are similar or different (^) Compare , describing similarities (^) Contrast , describing differences (^) One purpose is evaluation (^) Understanding or appreciaition KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS, PROPERTIES You may organize compare-and-contrast paragraphs in one of the following two ways: (^) According to the subjects themselves, discussing one then the other (^) According to individual points, discussing each subject in relation to each point There are key differences between academic and professional writing. For example, academic writing is generally structure differently than professional writing. Academic papers usually include traditional, well-developed paragraphs. Additionally, academic writing uses more objective third-person point-of- view, such as the uses of “he, she, or it.” Lastly, academic writing uses a formal tone. On the other hand, professional writing often contains short direct paragraphs with bullet points highlight key ideas. Another key difference between the two styles is that professional writings uses the first- person point-of-view, or use of “I,” so
(^) tests the readers’ ability to evaluate and analyze certain problems and think of the best possible way to solve it Characteristics and Properties of a Problem- Solution Paragraph (^) a problem that needs to be solved (^) a thesis statement that identifies the problem and points toward the solution (^) identification of several possible solutions (^) specific facts, details, examples, and reasons indicating why one (^) an analytical tone Example: In November 1777, the Continental Congress approved the first American constitution: the Articles of Confederation. Soon after the Articles were ratified by the states in 1781, problems arose. One of the most serious of these problems was that the Articles of Confederation left the new nation too weak. It allowed for no central authority besides Congress. The Articles of Confederation created a loose alliance of 13 independent states. No state wanted to give up its power to a strong central government. Even Congress had little power. For example, Congress could pass a law, but nine states had to approve the law before it went into effect. Congress had no power to tax the states, so the nation could not pay its war debts. Recognizing that many problems existed with the Articles of Confederation, the Continental Congress met again in 1787. There were a number of solutions they could have considered. First, Congress could change the Articles so that Congress would elect a new central authority each year. Second, Congress could give itself more power. These solutions might solve some of the nation’ problems, but not all. Finally, Congress could get rid of the Articles and create an entirely new plan of government. The delegates saw this as the best solution, but one that would take a great deal of work. Most of the delegates to what became known as the Constitutional Convention recognized that the Articles of Confederation had serious weaknesses. Their decision to formulate a new plan of government was a bold one. Nevertheless, it proved to be the best solution. The delegates created a new and lasting form of government for the United States. Signal words that indicate a Problem-Solution Paragraph (^) propose (^) solution (^) answer (^) issue (^) problem (^) remedy (^) prevention (^) fix Problem-solution paragraphs consider the problems of a particular situation, and give solutions to those problems. The four components of a Problem-Solution Paragraph (^) situation (^) problem (^) solution (^) evaluation How do you write an effective Problem-Solution Paragraph? Writing an effective Problem-Solution Paragraph (^) prewriting (^) writing (^) revising (^) editing (^) publishing Format in writing a Problem-Solution Essay
1. Introduction- The introduction identifies the problem. 2. Problem- This is where you present the issue at hand from a broader perspective down to the details. 3. Solution - Once the problem is completely laid out on the table, the writer should then
present a concrete solution or solutions to it.
4. Conclusion- The conclusion should restate the problem and a summary of all the arguments into one whole solution directly addressing the problem. Two types of structure in writing Problem- Solution Essay
- Block- A block structure identifies and list all the problems first and then presents all of the solutions afterward. Block Structure Example Problem Solution
- Chain - A chain structure alternately identifies the problem and its corresponding solution. Chain Structure Example Problem Evaluation Solution Situation Consumption of processed and convenience foods and our dependence on the car have led to an increase in obesity and reduction in the fitness level of the adult population. Obesity and poor fitness decrease life expectancy. Overweight people are more likely to have serious illnesses such as diabetes and heart disease, which can result in premature death. It is well known that regular exercise can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, which means that those with poor fitness levels are at an increased risk of suffering from those problems.
DEFINITION A paragraph form which probes and analyzes into the causes (rationale, reasoning and background reasons) along with the effects (consequences, effects and outcome) for a particular event, happening, condition or behavior. Cause and effect paragraphs seek to illustrate the relationship between two or more events by revealing why or how something happened. EXAMPLES: Cause-to-effect pattern -A copper industry depression in Arizona has caused great losses. O ne effect of the copper industry depression is the loss of more than 46 millio n dollars in wages last year alone. Another is that Arizona business lost more than 39 million dollars in copper industry purchases. The third is that state a nd local governments lost more than 9 million dollars in taxes. The fourth eff ect is that one out of everyfour Arizona copper workers is unemployed. Effect-to-cause pattern
- There are two main causes that have brought about a copper industry depression in Arizona. The first is that foreign copper is cheaper that Arizona cop pper because of lower wages and lower environmental standards. Thus, American industry is buying copper from Chile, Peru and other nations. The second cause i s our government policy. That is, America should maintain a copper stockpile for defense purposes. But it is not doing so, even though its purchase would help. PURPOSE OF A CAUSE AND EFFECT PARAGRAPH To discuss the reasons why something occurs v To discuss the results of an event, feeling or action To understand a situation To solve a problem To predict an outcome To entertain To persuade 10 Common Logical Fallacies in Argumentation What is Logical Fallacy? It is an error in reasoning or a false assumption that might sound impressive but proves absolutely nothing.
- Straw Man the author puts forth one of his opponent’s weaker, less central arguments for- ward and destroys it, while acting like this argu- ments is the crux of the issue. Example: “Tree-hugging environmentalists are so dumb they think plants have feelings and are more important than humans”
- Slippery Slope It is when you say that one behavior will lead to another behavior with no evidence that this is the case. Example: “ You simply must let me go to the Psychedelic Goa trance music festival this weekend. It I don’t go, my friends will think I am totally square and a complete loser, they will then dump me and I will end up with no life whatsoever, and be forced to spend the rest of my life living as a sad recluse with no job, no money, no love-life, no social life and absolutely no future”
- False Cause It is assumed that because one thing is followed by another, the first thing must have caused the second. Example: If an athlete was wearing certain underwear, when she won a tournament, she might that the underwear is lucky and always wear it at events in the future.
- Black or White/False Dilemma an argu- ment is made between two things without con- sidering that there could be an alternative be- sides of the two things stated. Example: “ You either love me or hate me. ”
- Bandwagon the opinion of the majority is always right. Example: One billion people must drink diet orange every year so it must be the best drink in the world.
- Ad hominem a person attacks someone personally rather than attacking their argument. Example: He is so evil you cannot trust a word he says about good.
- Anecdote because something happened to you, it will also happen to everyone else. Example: a low carb diet doesn’t work. I tried it and didn’t lose pound.
- Appeal to Ignorance the lack of infor- mation to support whatever argument you choose. Example: You can’t prove that ghosts don’t exist, so that means they must be real.
- Guilt by Association presumed guilty of one offence simply because they are guilty of an- other or of associating with someone perceived as bad. Example: Simon, Karl, Jared and Brett are all friends of John (who’s the criminal) so that they are all petty criminals.
- Appeal to Authority the author claims his argument is right because someone famous or powerful supports it. Example: We should change the drinking age because Einstein believed that 18 was the proper drinking age.
