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Name : KIWEWA LINDAH

student number: 1900720312

Registration number: 19/U/20312/PSA

Date: 14th March 2023

A PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THR SCHOOL OF LAW IN PARTIAL

FULFILLMENT OF THE AWARD OF A DEGREE IN BACHELORS OF

LAWS

DECLARATION

I Kiwewa Lindah declare that the content of this proposal is my personal work and it has not been submitted anywhere Signature: kiwewa lindah supervisor Name: Dr. Dan Ngabirano Signature:

CHAPTER 3

Research design------------------------------------------------------------------------28- LIST OF FIGURES Fig1- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Fig2- THE LINK BETWEEN POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION Fig3- THE IMPACT OF DEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION Fig4 -THE IMPACT OF SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT ON ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NEA -National Environment Act GDP-Gross Domestic Product WCED -World Commission on Environment and Development Vs -Versus HDI - Human Development Index UNDP- UN Development Program CO2- carbon dioxide SPA- science Panel for the Amazon

C HAPTER ONE

I NTRODUCTION

increasingly unsafe development is a global problem and there has been increasing concerns about the increasing environmental destruction and disobedience of the environmental protection laws because of its toxicity to the environment in terms of plants animals and human .and these come along with environmental barriers for example deforestation, global warming, acid rain, urban sprawl, waste disorders, pollution of all kinds, ozone layer depletion, climate change, natural disasters, flash floods, earth quakes among others and theses all result from increasing development Environmental protection remains the most complex issue for developing countries and this has arisen issues of environmental degradation. Environmental degradation is a global issue, and the terrorizations resulting from environmental quality degradation affect the entire globe, which is a major concern of states (Khan et al. 2019). Similarly, energy is one of the production factors and plays a critical role in the process of economic development and growth. Energy is also required for vast communities that live in metropolitan areas and the manufacturing sector, where any unregulated energy use causes environmental degradation (Azam & Khan, 2016). It appears that environmental pollution is expected to be poor at the initial stage of the urban growth process. Industrialization, automation, and accelerated urbanization will likely lead to environmental emissions, which is a thoughtful global environmental issue, but more detrimental to developing nations. Although a heavily polluting manufacturing economy transforms into a technology-based economy with successful growth, the degree of environmental emissions is condensed as well (Grossman & Krueger, 1995). development has both positive and negative environmental

consequences. The effect on the environment of development varies with the level of development. A favorable association between developments such as urbanization and industrialization and carbon emissions has been found in many studies (Cole & Neumayer, 2004; Shahbaz et al. 2014). Katircioğlu & Katircioğlu, (2018) noted that a key path to carbon dioxide emissions is conventional fuel energy use linked to urban development these are some of the specific reasons why development has caused damage to the environment: • Growing population, Economic necessity Corruption and human greed, Debt and poverty, increased Western consumption e.g., large-scale use of non- degradable plastic, Industrial and agricultural development, Higher levels of pollution, Global warming and climate change. Underlying drivers of land degradation, says the are the high-consumption lifestyles in the most developed economies, combined with rising consumption in developing and emerging economies. High and rising per capita consumption, amplified by continued population growth in many parts of the world, are driving unsustainable levels of agricultural expansion, natural resource and mineral extraction, and urbanization according to statistics It should be noted that 27% of our coral reefs have been destroyed. If the rate continues, remaining 60% will be gone in 30 year Every year, we extract an estimated 55 billion tons of fossil energy, minerals, metals and bio mass from the Earth. The world has already lost 80% of its forests and we’re continually losing them at a rate of 375 km2 per day Up to 40%of the planet’s land is degraded directly affecting half of humanity threatening roughly half of global GDP (USD 44 trillion). Every hour, forests the size of 300 football fields are cut down. By the year 2030, the planet might have only 10% of its forests; if deforestation isn’t stopped, they could all be gone in less than 100 years. More than 75 percent of Earth’s land areas are substantially degraded, undermining the well-being of 3.2 billion people, according to the world’s first comprehensive, evidence-based assessment. These

They can’t be viewed as two independent phenomena, as there exist a cause and effect relationship between them. Several regions and communities of the world are tr apped in this vicious spiral where the need for development pushes people to destroy and over exploit the environmental resources not knowing that the impoverishment of the eco systems and environment makes development a difficult task to achieve

. Environmental destruction is the result of the interaction of a number of socio- economic factors and activities. Environmental changes can be driven by many factor s including but not limited to economic and population growth, urbanization and intensification of agriculture among others However, development still remains the problem at the heart of a number of environmental problems. Environmental degradation and increasing development are urgent issues that need to be addressed by the global community, as a whole, as they are issues which have a lot in common but in development rhetoric re often treated separately. Development is both a cause and effect of environmental destruction and there is a link between the two There has in recent years, been somewhat of a shift in this rhetoric, with developing c ountries becoming more engaged in environmental issues, in particular Africa, as it is one of c ontinents more directly experiencing the effects of climate change. The engagement of developing countries is important in ensuring the shift from this ra ther antiquated notion to one that actively pursues the need to tailor the velocity and b lueprint of global economic growth to Earth's carrying capacity. This has to happen n ow to ensure that we make development sustainable and that "we can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. (Our common future also known as the Brundtland Report , from the United Nation World Commission on Environment and Development (WC ED) was published in 1987)

it is of use that we remember that environmental destruction affects everyone on the planet and their immediate relationships with the environment SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of development on environment. The findings of this study will provide important implications to the policymakers how development is influencing the environmental so that based on the findings of the study policymakers may adopt policies to reduce the environmental degradation and destruction It is hoped that the study will be useful to the extension of environmental knowledge. The study is also expected to improve the knowledge and information of the Enviro mental degradation for thepolicy makers such as Ministry of Rural and Environment which are expected to be benefited the findings of this study. It will help to know the contribution of development to the environmental degradation in. It will greatly help to the other researchers and students who will use this study as secondary Data resource

. This Research will contribute knowledge to the Environment areas PROBLEM STATEMENT The great increase in development doesn’t align with the environmental standards. in a bid to increase development the environment is at stake and there is a lot of environmental destruction t’s worth to note that the National Environment Action Plan for Uganda (1995) recognized the need to establish environmental standards. The plan recommended the establishment of committees to develop standards in consultation with the lead agencies in every aspect of environmental management and part VI of the National Environment Act embraces this too. The findings of this study are to suggest alternatives of how development can be balanced with development

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Though many researchers have been out with different views of environment and development, this part will be of help in seeking to find the various problems, areas of intervention and major areas of improving. C ONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK CAUSES CAUSE CAUSES E EFFECTS DEVELOPMENT -urbanization -industrialization -construction -mining SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT -Go green -re afforestation -good waste disposal -recycling of plastics -filtering of dangerous industrial chemicals ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION -air pollution -water pollution -global warming -desertification -deforestation ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

- afforestation

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Theoretical Review environmental protection as a public policy concern, whether at the global, national or community level, is now widely considered to be a multidimensional problem The environment is vital to supporting life and providing inputs for production. Over the last three decades, there has been increasing concern about the effects of economic activity on the environment. In particular, it has been argued that economic growth has caused serious environmental damage and that the current state of the environment will constrain future economic development. The poor of developing countries are often dependent on the natural environment for their livelihood and even their continued existence. Thus, damage to the environment and the relationships between the environment and the economy are often thought to be of more importance to developing than to developed countries Economic growth and social development are complementary and they have a close but complex relationship. With the economic growth, it is clear that there are many environmental concerns in today’s society. Air, water, and land pollution have worsened; the environment of wild animals and plants has been seriously damaged; many species are threatened with extinction, deforestation and over-exploitation of mineral resources. In traditional opinions, environmental protection and economic growth are mutually contradictory. Economic growth is a high environmental cost, and protecting the environment will limit the economic growth. The reason of contradiction stems from the inappropriate understandings among development, economic grow

The National Environment Act defines environment to mean the physical factors of the surroundings of human beings, including land, water, atmosphere, climate, sound, odor, taste, the biological factors of animals and plants and the social factors of aesthetic and includes both the natural and built environment Various legislations govern the environmental laws for example The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 1992, United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification among others In Uganda there are various instruments that regulate the environment for example the National Environment Management Policy 1994, the National Policy for Conservation and Management of Wetlands Resources 1995, The 1995 constitution Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment by individuals, organizations and governments. Its objectives are to conserve natural resources and the existing natural environment and, where possible, to repair damage and reverse trends. Definitions of environmental degradation This is a term used to describe a situation in which a part of the natural environment is damaged. It can be used to refer to damage to the land, to water or the air. Environme ntal degradation can also mean a loss of biodiversity and a loss of natural resources in an area. Environmental degradation is not a new thing, it has been happening all over the world for centuries. The problem is that it is now occurring at a much faster rate, t herefore not leaving enough time for the environment to recover and regenerate. The greater demands placed on the environment by an everincreasing human population is putting a great strain and drain on the earth’s limited natural resources. Environmental degradation is a serious threat to the lives of people, animals and plants, making it im perative that we stop further degradation from occuring. The World Bank’s 1992World Development Report cites deforestation, land degradati on, water shortage and contamination, air pollution and the loss of biodiversity as som e of the many environmental problems1 the threshold level indicates the minimum am

ount which is needed by an individual to obtain the basic necessities like food and she lter within a country.2 Refer to Anand (1994) for a full discussion of the choice of ind icators and the implications of these choices. Types of environmental degradati on There are many different types of environmental degradation. Some of the main types Are: soil erosion, deforestation, desertification salinization. Soil erosion Soil erosion is the gradual wearing a way of soil by either physical breakdown or che mical solution which is then transported away by means of water, wind or ice to anoth er location. Soil erosion is the leading cause of damage to our soils, leaving them barr en and ultimately less productive. Davidson (1992) estimates that soil erosion alone is responsible for the loss of 20 million hectares of fertile land each year while in the Se cond India Study, Repetto (1994) estimates that 25 million tons of top fertile soil are l ost annually due to soil erosion in India alone. The loss of forest cover has been cited as one of the major reasons for soil erosion. From an economic perspective, the loss o f fertile top soil implies a drop in agricultural productivity Soil salinization This is a type of environmental degradation that is particularly common in naturally d ry areas that undergo irrigation and do not allow for any fallow periods for the land to recover. Oodit (1992) states that salinity has reduced the yield of major crops by 30% in the 15 million hectares of irrigated land in Pakistan. The Second India Study Revisi ted (Repetto 1994) postulates that land lost through badly managed irrigation schemes has negated the advantages gained through the green revolution Desertification Desertification occurs when productive lands are turned into non-productive desert as a result of poor land-management. This generally occurs in semi- arid areas such as Namibia. (See the Information Sheet on Desertification) Unsustaina ble economic activities leave the soil exposed to further erosion by rain or wind, espei ally in the dry areas, which in turn initiates a process of desertification. Perkins (1993)

Using the wood for timber. Using the land for industrial production or grazing Using the land for human habitation. Forests are responsible for carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption and the production of oxygen. Deforestation reduces the levels and efficacy of both these processes. Processes of deforestation also mean the destruction of the natural habitats of many animal and plant species, which can lead to the extinction of those species. Huge parts of the Amazon rainforest have been removed due to deforestation. This puts more than 10,000 species of plants and animals at high risk of extinction, according to the Science Panel for the Amazon (SPA).

2. Pollution as an impact of development on the environment The most significant forms of pollution today are air and water pollution. They mainly affect the developing world. The source of the problem is the increasing number of manufacturing and production facilities in these developing countries. Water pollution is especially severe in Pakistan. In 2012, 135 million Pakistanis had no access to clean water.^1

3. Desertification as an impact of development on the environ ment Sociologists argue that farmers in developing countries are forced to over-farm certain crops, due to the imbalance in trade with the West. Food aid sent from developed countries also reduces the prices of local food items in the developing world. This means that farmers must produce and sell more items, at increasingly lower prices, to make a living. This process exhausts the land which becomes infertile.

Desertification refers to the process of overusing land, which then becomes infertile and not suitable for agriculture anymore. Africa’s Sahel desert was ‘created’ through desertification. It is also important to note that while in the 1970s Africa’s population was self-sufficient in terms of food, just 14 years later, in 1984, one-fourth of the people in Africa were dependent on food aid.

4. Extinction of species as an impact of development on the environmen t Ellwood (2001) claimed that the combination of deforestation, pollution, and desertification has resulted in another major environmental concern: the extinction of some wildlife species. When species lose their natural habitat or have no access to clean water and food supplies, they eventually go extinct. According to ecologists, 816 species have gone extinct in the past 500 years. They claim that while the rate of extinction was relatively low decades ago, an average of 1.6 species goes extinct each year today. Snow leopards are one of the best-known species in danger of extinction.
5. Excessive consumption due to developm ent Extreme consumption, especially by Western countries, contributes to environmental degradation. Currently, the biggest consumers are the U.S. and China. Sociologists argue that the culture of mass consumption must be changed in order to improve the situation.
6. Growth of capitalism due to developm ent Capitalism generates environmental pressure points in more ways than one. Pollution, for instance, is increased by the transport of products of labor from factories to the