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Referencing Styles: Harvard System
We expect students to employ the Harvard referencing system (in-text citations).
A Harvard citation looks like this: (Smith 2001: 53). There are other ways of providing this information – e.g. (Smith, 2001, 53) or (Smith, 2001, p.53) – but the format used in all examples below, and the version recommended in our House Style, is (Smith, 2001: 53). Please note that you must leave a space and/or use punctuation between the author’s surname and the year of publication as illustrated.
PLEASE NOTE : All attempts to circumvent the word limit (for instance by removing spaces in references) will be investigated.
You must include the author’s surname and the year of publication for a citation to the whole source. If you are quoting directly, or summarising or paraphrasing a section of the text, you must also include the relevant page number(s).
Notice that there are several format options for providing an in-text citation using the Harvard System: you can put the whole thing at the end (as in the paraphrase example, below), or you can split up the information (as in the direct quote example, below).
Make sure you get the little details like full stops and spacing right too. These are important and contribute to the consistency and professionalism of your referencing.
The following examples show how to reference direct quotes and paraphrases in the text and in the bibliography.
Direct Quotes and Paraphrasing
Direct quote and in-text citation: As Ramsay (1997: 1) argues, radical critiques of liberalism are important because ‘[i]In our society, liberal ideas dominate ordinary people’s thinking and inform the practice of political parties of all hues’.
Quote-marks are essential for direct quotes. The first letter is in square brackets because the capital ‘I’ has been changed to a small ‘i’.
Paraphrase and in-text citation:
Liberalism is perhaps the most dominant political theory in the UK today, both in terms of the orientation of political parties and within society more generally (Ramsay 1997: 1).
Paraphrase and in-text citation: Ramsay bases her claim for the necessity of a critique of liberalism on liberalism’s hegemonic status in contemporary society, in that many of the central tenets of liberalism are taken for granted in everyday life (1997: 1-2).
Summary and in-text citation: Ramsay (1997) provides a critical analysis of some of the key themes in liberal political theory, including human nature, liberty, equality and justice.
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Ramsay, M. (1997) What’s Wrong With Liberalism? A Radical Critique of Liberal Political Philosophy , London: Leicester University Press.
Sources with Multiple Authors
Sources with two or three authors should be referenced as follows:
In-text citation: (Keohane and Nye, 1977: 15)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Keohane, R. O., and Nye, J. S. (1977) Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition , Boston: Little, Brown.
In-text citation: (Miall, Ramsbotham and Woodhouse, 1999: 53)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Miall, H., Ramsbotham, O., and Woodhouse, T. (1999) Contemporary Conflict Resolution , Cambridge: Polity.
Sources with more than three authors should be referenced as follows:
In-text citation: (Holbert et al. 2003: 428)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Holbert, R. L., Pillion, O., Tschida, D. A., Armfield, G. G., Kinder, K, K., Cherry, K., L. and Daulton, A. R. (2003) ‘ The West Wing as Endorsement of the US Presidency: Expanding the Bounds of Priming in Political Communication’, Journal of Communication, 53 (3): 427-43.
Emphasis
Direct quotes should not be in italics. You do need to show italics wherever they exist in the original, and also note this in the citation. If you have added italic emphasis to any quote, part of a quote or individual words, you also need to note this in the citation. If you have removed italics from a quote (if the emphasis is in the wrong place for your particular argument), you also need to note this:
Original quote and in-text citation: ‘Similarly, since all states are equally likely to encounter the need for escape, all members face symmetrical incentives to withhold counter-measures in those circumstances’ (Pelc, 2009: 354, original emphasis).
Quote with italics removed and in-text citation: ‘Similarly, since all states are equally likely to encounter the need for escape, all members face symmetrical incentives to withhold counter-measures in those circumstances’ (Pelc, 2009: 354, emphasis removed).
Original quote and in-text citation: ‘Prior to the 1990s, in the absence of a strategic scholarly community, the Francophone Agency sponsored numerous African language description projects in the name of cultural preservation, but there was no link to a concurrent goal of furthering French’ (Albaugh, 2009: 403).
Quote with italics added and in-text citation: ‘Prior to the 1990s, in the absence of a strategic scholarly community, the Francophone Agency sponsored numerous African language description projects in the name of cultural preservation, but there was no link to a concurrent goal of furthering French’ (Albaugh, 2009: 403, emphasis added).
Secondary Citations
Secondary citations are used when an author you have read has cited someone else. They are not the same as citing chapters from edited volumes. You should try to avoid relying too much on secondary citations, as they merely indicate that you haven’t accessed the original source. Do not pretend that you have read the original by citing it directly – it will be clear to anyone who has read the original. You should use secondary citations mainly for sources with which you are not expected to be familiar with.
Notice that, because it is a quote of a quote, the quote has two sets of quote-marks: single quote-marks (on the ‘outside’) as usual, with double quote-marks “inside”, indicating that Ramsay is herself quoting Philips.
Direct quote and in-text citation:
Philips argues that ‘“[t]he split between public and private may present itself as a neutral, ‘sex-free’ distinction, but its effects are unequal between women and men”’ (quoted in Ramsay 1997: 193).
Paraphrase and in-text citation: Far from being neutral and apolitical, the public/private distinction has differential gendered impacts and is a source of gender inequality (Philips, in Ramsay, 1997: 193).
Paraphrase and in-text citation: Philips argues that the distinction between the private and public spheres is gendered and has gendered effects in society (in Ramsay, 1997: 193).
Notice that the secondary citation does not appear in the bibliographic citation:
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Ramsay, M. (1997) What’s Wrong With Liberalism? A Radical Critique of Liberal Political Philosophy , London: Leicester University Press.
The Bibliography
It is important that you provide all of the required information for citations in the bibliography and that you present it correctly. Note the information and formatting of the various examples below.
You must include a bibliography, of everything you have cited in the body of the essay, at the end of the essay. Only sources cited in the essay should appear in the bibliography.
Sources in your bibliography should be arranged alpha-chronologically. This means that they should be arranged in alphabetical order first of all; if you have more than one source by the same author, give the earliest source first.
BOOKS, ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS
Books
When referencing books, it is important to include the place of publication and the publisher. Usually, the title of the publisher is given in full if it is a university press (e.g. Leicester University Press) but only the name (e.g. ‘Blackwell’, rather than ‘Blackwell Publishers’) if it is not a university press.
Ramsay, M. (1997) What’s Wrong With Liberalism? A Radical Critique of Liberal Political Philosophy , London: Leicester University Press.
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994) ‘The Nation as Invented Tradition’, in Hutchinson, J. and Smith, A. D. (eds) Nationalism , Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 76-83.
OR
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1994) ‘The Nation as Invented Tradition’, in J. Hutchinson and A. D. Smith (eds) Nationalism , Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 76-83.
Note that when there are two or more editors, this is abbreviated to (eds); when there is only one editor, this is abbreviated to (ed.).
The only reason you would cite the editors of the volume is if your claim refers to the book in general:
In-text citation: The concept of nationalism has been debated within academia for almost as long as the nation-state has existed (see e.g. Hutchinson and Smith, 1994).
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Hutchinson, J. and Smith, A. D. (eds) (1994) Nationalism , Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Multiple Citations
If two or more sources by the same author were published in the same year, distinguish these by using letters next to the year.
Weldes, J. (2003a) ‘Popular Culture, Science Fiction, and World Politics: Exploring Intertextual Relations’, in Weldes, J. (ed.) To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links Between Science Fiction and World Politics , London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-27.
Weldes, J. (2003b) (ed.) To Seek Out New Worlds: Exploring Links Between Science Fiction and World Politics , London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
OTHER SOURCES
Websites
You do not need to give page numbers for websites. However, you do need to include the date you accessed the source.
If there is an author for the website, give the individual author. If there is no author, list the organisation as the author.
You do not need to provide the URL for a journal entry if you have accessed it electronically. A URL citation is only necessary when a source is only available online.
In-text citation: (WTO 2009)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: WTO (2009) ‘UN Rapporteur and WTO Delegates Debate the Right to Food’, available at http://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news09_e/ag_02jul09_e.htm, accessed 27 August
In-text citation: (Amnesty International, no date)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Amnesty International (no date) ‘AIUK: About Us’, available at http://www.amnesty.org.uk/content.asp?CategoryID=74, accessed 27 August 2009.
Newspaper Articles
In-text citation: (Sparrow and Campbell, 2009: 4)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Sparrow, A. and Campbell, D. (2009) ‘Ministers and Medics Rush to Defend NHS’, Guardian , 15 August, p. 4.
In-text citation: (Page, 2009)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography: Page, J. (2009) ‘Mohammed J.: 'I was 12 when I was arrested and sent to Guantánamo’’, Times , 27 August, available online at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/Afghanistan/article6811426.ece, accessed 27 August 2009.
Speeches
In-text citation: (Carter, 1977)
Citation as it appears in the bibliography:
