Referencing, Lecture notes of Clinical Psychology

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Referencing

Dr. Rajesh Gill Professor Department of Sociology Panjab University, Chandigarh

REFERENCING

MEANING:

Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas used in the text.

WHY REFERENCING?

 To avoid plagiarism and acknowledge the author of the information;

 To enhance authenticity of the text;

 To allow the reader to identify the source and access it;

 To let the reader know whose ideas have been used.

TERMINOLOGY

CITATION

A citation is a reference to a document. It includes all the bibliographic details required to trace a document/reference.

FOOTNOTES

These are listed at the bottom of the page on which a reference/citation appears in the text. A number is placed in the text in superscript and again at the bottom of the page in front of the footnote. These are used only in case of a small number of references to be used.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

it includes all sources consulted for background reading.

REFERENCE LIST

It includes the books, articles and web pages etc. cited in the text of the document.

COMMON ABBREVIATIONS

And others: et al. Revised rev.

In the same work ibid Number no.

The same id. Numbers nos.

In the work cited op. cit. No date n.d.

Page p. Reprinted rpt.

Pages pp. Translated trans.

Paragraph para. Volume vol.

Editor ed. Volumes vols.

Editors eds. Without place s.l.

Appendix app.

IN-TEXT REFERENCE

ONE AUTHOR In^ reality, we have never seen in it any more than the material and

evident expression of an internal and deep rooted fact which is wholly ideal (Aron, 1967) OR Aron (1967) argued that ……

TWO AUTHORS Hegel’s philosophy culminated the idealist tradition that began with

Kant; it held that the essence of reality is Reason (Collins & Makowsky, 1972). OR Collins and Makowsky (1072) observed….. Listing of authors must always be in same order as in publication

THREE TO FIVE

AUTHORS

(Burke, Duck & Mills, 2010) (Burke et al., 2010) Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by ‘et al.’

IN-TEXT REFERENCE

SIX OR MORE

AUTHORS

Bentley et al. (2007) argue…. OR It was argued that …..(Bentley et al., 2007).

GROUPS AS AUTHORS

(e.g. govt.

agencies/organizations)

First citation in text: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH, 2005). Subsequent citations: NIMH (2005).

SEVERAL WORKS BY

SAME AUTHOR

Studies by Smith (2000a, 2000b) indicate that …….

WHEN THE AUTHOR IS

KNOWN

Same as in other in-text referencing Azar and Martin (1999) found that …..

REFERENCE LIST

ORDER Alphabetical letter by letter, by surname of first author

followed by initials.

SINGLE AUTHOR References by same single author are ordered by date,

from oldest to the most recent.

SAME AUTHOR

SAME DATE

Smith, J. (1998a) Smith, J. (1998b)

TWO AUTHORS

WITH SAME NAME

Smith, J. [James]. (1998) Smith, J. [Joe]. (1998)

REFERENCE LIST

NON-PERIODICAL

[books, reports, brochures, certain monographs, manuals, audiovisual media

Author, A.A. (2003). Title of work, Location: Publisher

PART OF A

NON-PERIODICAL

Author, A.A. & Author, B.B. (2008). Title of Chapter. In Title of book. Edited by Editor, A., Editor, B. & Editor, C. Location: Publisher

PERIODICAL Author, A.A., Author,^ B.B & Author, C.C. (1998). Title of Article. Title of Periodical, xx:xxx-xxxx

A CHAPTER IN A BOOK (NOT

EDITED)

Capra, F. (1983). The systems view of life. Chapter 9 in The turning point: science, society and the rising culture. London: Fontana Press

REFERENCE LIST

TRANSLATED WORK Luria, A.R. (1968).^ The mind of a^ mnemonist: a little book about a vast memory. Translated from the Russian by Solotaroff, L. New York: Basic Books. (Original work published in 1967)

REVISED EDITIONS Dyson, G,G,H. (1977).^ The mechanics^ of athletics.^^7 th^ edition. New York: Homes and Meier

DICTIONARIES The concise^ Macquarie dictionary. (1982). New South Wales: Lane Cove Sadie, S. (Editor). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians, 6 th^ edition. London: Macmillan

ENCYCLOPEDIA Bergman, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In^ The new encyclopedia Britannica. (Vol. 26:501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE Lamb, J. (20 October 1970).^ The perfect plants for lazy gardeners. Weekend Australian , page 3

REFERENCE LIST

JOURNAL ARTICLE

IN PRESS

Phillips, E. (in press). The Australian scene. Australian journal of ecology.

ABSTRACT Phillips, E. (in press). The Australian scene (Abstract).^ Australian journal of ecology , 3(2):25-29.

PUBLISHED

DISSERTATION

Bevins, G.D. (1987). Theory and practice at an Australian university. Doctoral dissertation. Montreal: McGill University.

REVIEW Kraus, S.J. (1992). Visions of psychology: a videotext^ of classic studies (Review of the motion picture Discovering Psychology ). Contemporary Psychology , 37: 1146-1147.

CONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGS, NO

AUTHOR OR TITLE

International Microcomputer Conference. (1984). Conference proceedings held at the Western Australian Institute of Technology, Perth, 22-24 May 1984. Conducted by the Department of Computer Studies. Perth: Western Australian Institute of Technology.Professor Rajesh Gill, Panjab University, Chandigarh. 14

REFERENCE LIST

Foot Notes A number is placed in the text which refers to the footnote at the bottom

of the page. The footnote also contains information about the author and the year of publication. The complete reference list is placed at the end of the text in alphabetical order.

When using either type of footnote, insert a number formatted in superscript following almost any punctuation mark. Footnote numbers should not follow dashes ( — ), and if they appear in a sentence in parentheses, the footnote number should be inserted within the parentheses.

Scientists examined—over several years^1 —the fossilized remains of the wooly-wooly yak.^2 (These have now been transferred to the Chauan Museum.^3 )

REFERENCE LIST [Electronic sources]

WEB PAGE WITH

AUTHOR

Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour modification. Retrieved from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm

WEB PAGE-

NO AUTHOR

Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.educational- psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html

WEB PAGE-

NO DATE

Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.). About clinical psychology. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/about/division/div12.aspx

WEB PAGE –

CORPORATE

AUTHOR

Queensland Health. (2009). Sun safety and physical activity. Retrieved from http://access.health.qld.gov.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndP hysicalActivity_ap.asp

IMAGE ON A

WEB PAGE

Scarlet fever rash picture (Image) (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lib.ulowa.edu/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.html