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Lesson 45 REFERENCING
There is a general mix up or referencing with bibliography; though the purposes are different. A bibliography is the listing of the works that are relevant to the topic of research interest arranged in alphabetical order of the last names of authors. A reference list is a subset of the bibliography, which includes details of all the citations used in literature survey and elsewhere in the report, arranged again, in the alphabetical order of the last names of authors. These citations have the goals of crediting the author and enabling the reader to find the works cited.
Giving references in the report or thesis is a must, whereas the bibliography is additional information and is certainly optional. There should be no mixing up of the meanings.
There are different modes of referencing being followed by different disciplines. Find out what mode is followed in your discipline. For example, psychologists follow the publication manual of American Psychological Association (APA), and sociologists follow guidelines given in the manual of American Sociological Association. Similarly other subjects follow their professional associations. Each of these manuals specifies, with examples, how books, journals, newspapers, dissertations, and other materials are to be referenced in manuscripts. Whichever the style you pick up, follow it consistently. Since APA format is followed for referencing in many journals in management area, we shall present that here as a specimen. All the citations mentioned in the research report should find a place in the References section at the end f the report.
Specimen Format for citing different Types of References
Book by a single author
Leshin, C. B. (1997). Management on the World Wide Web. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall. Start with the last name, put a comma and then initials with full stop. It is followed by the year of publication in parentheses with a full stop. Then we have the title of the publication; all in small words (unless there is some name which has to be with capital letter as it is in this title) and in italics. Give full stop at the end. It is followed by place of publication with a colon at the end. After the colon give the name of the publisher. Second line of the reference should be indented by giving five spaces.
Give two spaces for separating the references.
Book by more than one author
Cornett, M., Wiley, B. J., & Sankar, S. (1998). The pleasures of nurturing. London: McMunster Publishing. It is the same as the previous one except there is the use & separating the last author from its preceding one. See it is not written ‘and’ but being used as symbol ‘&.’
Edited book
It is a book of readings or called Reader, which contains sections/articles written by a number of authors. These articles may have been published earlier in different journals/books or these may have been specially written for this book. Such a book has an editor or editors who collected these articles, edited them and published. Pennathur, A., Leong, F. T., & Schuster, K. (Eds.) (1998). Style and substance of thinking. New York: Wilson Press.
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Here after the names of the editors, the word editors is abbreviated as “Eds.” And put in parentheses. Other instructions remain the same.
Chapter in an edited book
This is an article written by single or multiple authors and is printed in the edited book.
Riley, T., & Brecht, M. L. (1998). The success in mentoring process. In R. Williams (Ed.) Mentoring and career success. pp. 129-150. New York: Wilson Press.
We start with the name(s) of the author(s); same instructions. Then the title of the article published in this edited book. The title is in small letters except the letter of the first word. It is not to be put in italics or in bold. Give full stop at the end of the title. Then we tell about the book and its editor in which it was published. Here the editor’s name does not start with the last name, but is kept straight as initials and then the last name. It is followed by the title of the book which is in italics. After the title we specify the pages of the book on which this article appeared. Rest is the same i.e. place of publication and the publisher.
Journal Article
Jean quart, S., & Peluchette, J. (1997). Diversity in the workforce and management models. Journal of Social Work Studies , 43 (3), 72-85.
The title of the article is in small letters. The name of the journal is in italics. Such professional journals are well known in the academic community, therefore, the place of publication and the publisher is not given. Instead, it volume and number in the volume is given. All the issues published in one year are one volume. There could be number of issues in a volume. Both the volumes and issues are numbered. In this example 43 is the volume and 3 given in the parentheses is the number in this volume. It is followed by the pages on which this article was published. Conference Proceedings publications
Gardezi, H. N. (2005). Population policy of Pakistan. In Z. Sathar (Ed.), Proceedings of the Third Conference on Research and Population, (pp. 100-107). Islamabad: Population Council.
Doctoral Dissertation
Chaudhary, M.A. (2004). Medical advances and quality of life. Unpublished doctoral Dissertation, Virtual University
Paper presented at conference
Qureshi, Q. A. (2005, May 16). Practical tips for efficient management. Paper presented at The annual meeting Entrepreneurs, Lahore.
It is possible that the proceeding of a conference have not been published. The researcher got hold of paper that was presented at the conference and wanted to do it citation. Here along with the year of the conference, the date is also given. Title of the paper is in italics. Then give some information about owners of the conference, followed by place where the conference was held.
Unpublished Manuscript
Kashoor, M. A. (2005). Training and development in the ‘90s. Unpublished manuscript,
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7. When the same author has several works published in the same year, cite them in the same order as they occur in the reference list, with the in-press citations coming last. For example: Research on the mental health of dual-career family members (Sekaran, 1985a, 1985b, 1985c, 1999, in press) indicates … 8. When more than one author has to be cited in the text, these should be in alphabetical order of the first author’s last name, and the citations should be separated by semicolons as per illustration: In the job design literature (Aldag & Brief, 1976; Alderfer, 1972; Beatty, 1982; Jeanquart, 1998) …
Personal communication through letters, memos, telephone conversations, and the like, should be cited in the text only and not included in the reference list since these are not retrievable data. In the text, provide the initials as well as the last name of the communicator together with date, as in the following example: R. Qureshi (personal communication, November 15, 2006) feels …
Quotations in Text
Quotations should be given exactly as they appear in the source. The original wording, punctuation, spellings, and italics must be preserved even if they are erroneous. The citation of the source of direct quotation should always include the page number(s) as well as the reference.
Use double quotation marks for quotations in the text. Use single quotation marks to identify the material that was enclosed in double quotation marks in the original source. If you want to emphasize certain words in the quotation, underline them and immediately after the underlined words, insert within brackets the words: italics added. Use three ellipsis points (…) to indicate that you have omitted material from the original source.
If the quotation is more than 40 words, set in a free-standing style starting on a new line and indenting the left margin a further five spaces. Type the entire quotation double spaced on the new margin, indenting the first line of paragraphs from the new margin.
If you intend publishing an article in which you have quoted extensively from a copyright work, it is important that you seek written permission from the owner of the copyright. Make sure that you also footnote the permission obtained with respect to the quoted material. Failure to do so may result in unpleasant consequences, including legal action taken through copyright protection laws.
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