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Reflection in The Nature, Goals and Perspective of Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science I have learned that Anthropology is for culture, Sociology is for society and Political Science is for Politics. Also the nature, goals, and perspective of anthropology as well in sociology and political science. ANTHROPOLOGY Anthropology is the study, examination, and description of the past and present of humanity present. Prehistoric origins and human evolution are among the unanswered questions from the past. The study of modern humanity emphasizes the diversity of biological and cultural expressions, language included. Overall, anthropology, or "the study of humankind," which investigates individuals in perspectives ranging from the science of Homo sapiens and their revolutionary history to thecharacteristics in culture and society that clearly distinguish one group of people from another species. The nature of anthropology can be view from its historical perspective because is a global discipline involving humanities, social sciences and natural sciences. The goals of anthropology is to comprehend the fossil record of early people and their precursors just as the archeological record of later ancient social orders. To understand how we adapt to different environmental conditions and how we vary as a species. SOCIOLOGY It is the study of human, social relationships and institutions. The study of human culture and social behavior is known as sociology. Sociology is a branch of the social sciences that focuses on human society and human social interactions. The goals of sociology is to understand how membership in one’s social group affects individual behavior. Understand how cultures and institutions interact in different societies. Understand the causes and consequences of social change in terms of general causes and effects as well as unique historical circumstances. POLITICAL SCIENCE The study of the nature, reasons for, and effects of collective behavior is known as political science. Collective decisions and actions that are influenced by cultures and institutions that organize authority and power. To put it another way, political science is a social science field that studies systems, examination of politics, political behavior, political ideas, and related political conduct and constitutions. The goals of political science is the concern with the process of growth, industrialization and change and the impact on government forms and policies. To describe how various political systems function, and to find more effective political systems.
PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY
Across all of the subfields, anthropologists leverage unique perspectives to guide their exploration. These perspectives make humanity.unmistakable from related fields — like social science, history, and brain research that ask analogous questions about the past, human instinct and societal structures. The essential of the perspectives of anthropology are complete, superiority, relativism, correlation, and practical application. Additionally, there are likewise both logical and humanistic propensities inside the discipline that, now and again, struggle with each other. PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIOLOGY The core understanding of sociology is that social factors influence how people behave. Events that people can attend and via the social interaction that takes place within those gatherings. We act in the way that we are, who we are. Which we engage given that we land up residing in a particular culture at particular location in actuality. People will typically acknowledge their social environment as something "normal," without doubt, but the sociological perspective empowers we should view society as a temporary, human-made, and suitable social construct made by people and fit for being changed by them also. POLITICAL SCIENCE PERSPECTIVE As one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources, such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources, such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research, and model building.
Reflection in Theoritical Perspective in Sociology I have known that the the three primary theoretical perspectives are namely: the symbolic interactionist perspective, the functionalist perspective, and the conflict perspective. These perspectives offer sociologists theoretical paradigms for explaining conceptual frameworks for describing how individuals and societies interact. Symbolic Interactionist Perspective - commonly referred to as symbolic interactionism, instructs sociologists to take into account the symbols and particulars of daily life, what these symbols imply, and how people interact with one another. The symbolic interactionist viewpoint holds that humans give symbols meanings, and then they behave in accordance with their individualized interpretations of these symbols. The Functionalist Perspective - often known as functionalism, contends that every facet of society is interrelated and contributes to society's ability to function as a whole. The family's children receive an education from the government, or state, and in turn, the family pays taxes that the state needs to function. In other words, the family depends on the school to assist kids in getting decent careers as adults so they can support and raise their own families. In the process, the kids develop into law-abiding, tax-paying citizens who help the government out. If everything works out, society's constituent elements provide production, stability, and order. If things don't work out, society's components will have to change in order to regain a new sense of stability, order, and productivity. The Conflict Theory - the conflict perspective casts society in a different light than the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives, which were principally inspired by Karl Marx's works on class conflicts. Contrary to these latter perspectives, which emphasize the positive elements of society that support its stability, the conflict perspective emphasizes the unfavorable, conflicted, and constantly shifting characteristics of society. Contrary to functionalists who uphold the status quo, discourage social change, and contend that people work together to maintain social order, conflict theorists advocate for social change—even if it means a social revolution—and contend that the wealthy and powerful impose social order on the weak and the underprivileged.
Reflection in Concepts, Aspects and Changes in/of Culture and Society and Characteristics of Culture I have learned according to Edward Taylor that "Culture is complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything that a person learns and shares as a member of society." I've also known the different Characteristics of Culture which includes:
1. Culture is social because it is the product of behaviour
- Culture does not exist in isolation. It is a product of society. It develops through social interaction 2. Culture varies from society to society
- Every society has a culture of it's own that differs from other societies. The culture of every society is unique by itself. Cultures are not uniformed.
- Culture is shared
- Culture is not something that an individual alone can posses. Culture in sociological sense is shared. For instance, all of a society's members adhere to the same norms, traditions, ideals, values, and morals.
- Culture is learned
- Culture is not inborn. Culture is learned. Therefore, unlearned behavior is not a culture. Culture dictates certain behaviors, such as handshakes and thank-yous. Though not all behaviors can be taught, the majority of them can. cracking jokes, standing in line, and combing hair.
- Culture is transmitted among members of society
- Cultural ways are learned by people from others.Many of these have been passed down through grandparents, parents, teachers and other most likely older generations of people. Transmission of culture is made possible by language. Language is the main vehicle of culture as well as also through imitation and instruction.
- Culture is continuous and cumulative
4.Culture provides behaviour patterns. – Culture lets people find a ready-made set of patterns awaiting them which they need only to learn and follow – If people use culture to advance their purposes, it is clear that a culture imposes limits on human and their activities Reflection in Aspects and Elements of Culture I have learned that there are different Elements of Culture as follow:
- Symbol - the first element that exists is symbols. A symbol is anything that is used to stand for something else. People who share a culture often attach a specific meaning to an object, gesture, sound, or image. For example, a cross is a significant symbol to Christians.
- Language - the second element present is a language. Language is a system of words and symbols used to communicate with other people. This includes full languages as we usually think of them, such as English, Spanish, French, etc. But, it also includes body language, slang, and common phrases that are unique to certain groups of people.
- Values - another cultural element is values, which are culturally defined standards for what is good or desirable. Members of the culture use the shared system of values to decide what is good and what is bad.
- Norms - define a person's behavior are the laws and standards that make up a culture. A person remains inside the confines of society and its culture thanks to norms. It imposes limitations on what we are allowed to do and what we are not allowed to do. It shapes our behavior and imparts knowledge of good and wrong. I have also known that norms can be divided into: a. Folkways - are the simple customary ways of the people. It is the normal and habitual action of people within a culture. Folkways are the recognized or accepted
ways of behavior. These are the behavior pattern which a person use generally in his daily life. b. Mores - is a Latin word and the plural of mos which means customs or beliefs accordance with a group customary expectation. It is the “must” behavior of a person. Mores refers to “what ought to be and what ought not to be.” Mores are serious norms but are informed like folkways. They have a serious binding on a group the violation of mores threats to social order. Punishment may be both formal and informal for the violation of mores.
- Beliefs - Every sect within a culture having some beliefs for cultural refuge. These beliefs are responsible fro the spiritual fulfillment of needs and wants. Muslims believe in God, Holly Prophet, The Day of Judgment, recitation of Holly Quran, Hajj etc.
Reflection on Socialization and Enculturation I have learned in this topic socialization and Enculturation that was reported that Socialization refers to a lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. Although it is a general process, socialization always takes place in specific contexts. It is culturally specific: people in different cultures are socialization differently to hold different beliefs and values and to behave in different ways. Sociologists try to understand socialization, but they do not rank different schemes of socialization as good or bad. They just study practices of socialization to determine why people behave the way they do. While Enculturation on the other hand, is the process by which people learn the requirements of the surrounding cultures and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture. In this process, the influences that limit, direct, or shape the individual (whether deliberately or not) include parents, other adults and peers. There were also three goals of socialization that I have learned. First, socialization teaches impulse control and helps individuals develop a conscience. This first goal is accomplished naturally as people grow up within a particular society, they pick up on the expectations of those around them and internalize these expectations to moderate their impulses and develop a conscience. Second, socialization teaches individuals how to prepare for and perform certain social roles - occupational roles, gender roles, and the roles of institutions such as marriage and parenthood. And lastly the third, socialization cultivates sources of meaning and value. Through socialization, people learn to identify what is important and valued within a particular culture.
Reflection on Human Cultural Evolution What I have in the report of the topic Human Cultural Evolution is that it refers to the changes or development in the culture from a simple form to a more complex form of culture. That cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change. It follows from the difintion of culture as "information capable of affecting individual’s behavior that they acquire from other members of their species through teaching, imitation and other forms of social transmission. I have also learned the four steps of human evolution. Which is the evolving terrestriality, bipedalism, large brain (encephalization), and civilization. There are also seven stages of human evolution: Dyropithecus, ramapithecus, Australopithecus, homo erectus, homo sapiens (meanderthalensis) - the wise man and homo sapiens sapiens - consists of modern human that evolved 100-600 years ago.
Reflection on Aspect of Enculturation In the report of Nonilon he defined Enculturation as how an individual, usually a child, develops, their views about the world. It is related to the word “culture” and is the process through which can individual learns about their family and community culture. Children are first enculturated at home through the influence of their parents as they grow their enculturation process involves teachers’ friends and other individuals and groups also become agents of enculturation. There are also types of enculturation that I have learned namely: the formal and informal enculturation. Formal enculturation is enculturation that happens in a setting designed specifically for the process. Churches and schools are example of settings in which formal acculturation takes place. Often this enculturation is conscious but unconscious enculturation also occurs. While informal enculturation on the other hand occurs in a setting that is not deliberately created for it such as home, in nature or in a store. Some view that teaching which is given by parent as informal enculturation. It is through informal enculturation that many children leave gender roles societal expectations and other aspects of life which people consider to be normal. The importance of enculturation is also being discussed as the process through which individuals develop their own culture, becoming a member of their chosen cultural group. It is also how individuals become accepted in their local community. Enculturation agents can come from all parts of life, friends, relatives and other members of one’s society can experience enculturation. Some of the examples of enculturation are learning slang or how to behave in in certain situations by watching television. Observing models in magazines, which teaches you to value thinness. Observing how friends talk to each other to learn the acceptable language.
Reflection on Aspect of Socialization In this topic there are many things that I have comprehended. Socialization involves both social structure and interpersonal relations. It contains three key parts: context, content and process, and results. Context perhaps defines socialization the most, as it refers to culture language, social structures and one’s rank within them. Context of socialization is like the theater of stage in which socialization occurs. It includes culture, language, and social structures such as the classic, ethnic, and gender hierarchies of a society. While content and process of socialization refers specifically to what interactions that convey to new members how they speak, behave, think and even feel. On the other hand, result of socialization has numerous goals for youth and adults like it teaches children to control their biological impulses such as using a toilet instead of wetting their pant or bed.
Reflection on Characteristics of Social Groups In the report of Arnold, he said that social group can be defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics and collectively have a sense of unity. Regardless, social groups come in a myriad of sizes and varieties. I have learned that the following are the important characteristics of social group: Mutual Awareness. The members of a social group must be mutually related to one another. Mutual attachment, is therefore regarded as it's important and distinctive feature. One or more common interests. The individuals who form a group should possess one or more than one common interests and ideals. It is for the realization of common interests that they meet together. Sense of unity. Each social group requires sense of unity and a feeling of sympathy for the development of a feeling or sense of belongingness. We-feeling. A sense of we-feeling refers to the tendency on the part of the members to identify themselves with the group. We-feeling generates sympathy, loyalty and fosters cooperation among members. Similarity of behavior. For the fulfillment of common interests, the members of a group behave in a similar way. Social groups represent collective behavior. Group norms. Each and every group has its own ideals and norms and the members are supposed to follow these. These norms may be in the form of customs, folk ways, mores, traditions, laws, etc. They may be written or unwritten.
Reflection on The Sociological Perspective of Social Groups There are three main Sociological Perspective that I have in the report of Mary Joy Miras. The first one is The Functionalist perspective which is based largely on the work of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton. According to funtionalism, society is a system of interconnected parts that works together in harmony to maintain a state of balance of social equilibrium for the whole. For example, each of the social institutions contributes important functions for society. Family provide a context for reproducing, nurturing and socializing children, education offers a way to transmit a society's skills, knowledge and culture to its youth. Politics provides a means governing members of society, economics provides for the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services, and religion provides moral guidance and an outlet for workshop of a higher power. The second one is Conflict perspective. The functionalist perspective views society as compared of different parts working together. In contrast, the conflict perspective views society as compared of different groups and interest competing for powers and resources. The conflict perspective explains various aspects of our social world by looking at which groups have power and benefit from a particular social arrangement. For example, feminist theory argues that we live in a patriarchal society a hierarchal system of organization controlled by men. Although there are many varieties of feminist theory, most would hold that feminism demands that existing, economic, political, and social structures be changed. And thirdly Symbolic/Interactionist Perspective. Both the functionalist and the conflict perspective are concerned with how broad aspect of society, such as institutions and large social group, influence the social works. This level of sociological analysis is called macro society. It looks of the big picture of society and suggests how social problems are affected at the institutional level.
