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REL2121 Midterm || Solved Correctly.
What is religion? correct answers hierarchical (structures, steps,etc) pursuit of a greater (alternative, different?) reality, ideal, personal, or communal state J.Z. Smith's Definition of Religion correct answers religion has no independent existence apart from the academy; it was created to explain things Anthological Religion correct answers studying people, their beliefs, behaviors, and institutions -how do people perform these things, why, what institutions are build around it Descriptive Religion correct answers descriptive rather than normative on a way people ought to live Comparative Religion correct answers act of comparison is academic study of religion; systematic comparison of religions Non-Evaluative Comparative Method correct answers comparing without saying one is right or better Qualifications IRS correct answers tradition, been around for x amount of years, has to be a meeting place, sacred text, system of faith and worship, leads to institutions and traditions Major Colonial Groups correct answers -Puritans -Congregationalism -Presbyterianism -Baptists -Anglican
-Quakerism How did Puritans understand their journey to the new world? correct answers -They thought they had the purest form of Christianity and it was their duty given the wonderfulness of American to be the city upon a hill and civilize everyone else, be the beacon of hope -For the Puritans, New England was an enchanted universe with richly textured signs and occurrences -Puritans worried about the "howling wilderness" of the New World with its unknown dangers and threats -John Winthrop's speech "A Model of Christian Charity" was given aboard the Arbella, not long before reaching New England. -Puritans believed they were the chosen people brought by God to a promised land at just the moment in time when the prospects for a renewed Christianity in England were dim and the likelihood of a flowering purified Christianity in America was good -Close knot communities built around individualized notion of Sola Fides (through faith alone) and Sola Scriptura (through scripture alone) -Predestination, not sure of fate, but if you lived in accordance to God, it was a good sign How was the family central to their mission? correct answers -Marriage was a contract, divorce only of contract was broken (announcement, formal contract, feast and sexual union) -Rational love was a requirement, love for God, then spouse, then world. -Wives held no property, supposed to be generous for men -Children educated by father, girl could still be educated
-Ocean as a bridge, not a barrier, to international colonial development -Blending and exchanging of religion What are distinctive features of the Atlantic World? correct answers 1) Commerce and Exchange
- Rapid and Continual Change
- Change
- Cultural Hybridity **Religion become continual conflict and hybridity Commerce and Exchange correct answers not explicitly exclusives linked to exchange of goods, reference to exchange of ideas, people and culture Rapid and Continual Change correct answers era of exploration to revolution Conflict correct answers out of conflict, degree of resolution that results in final things Cultural Hybridity correct answers cultural syncretism What is the African spiritual holocaust? What are the distinctive features of early African religion in America? correct answers -slave owners tried to wipe out black culture, all about control -12 million slaves from West Africa 2 Vital Points: -intentional attempt by slave holders erase religion of slaves *religion, either local African tribal or Islam
-presence of early African American syncretism *taking parts of their faith and combining with the forced Christian faith -slave owners intermixed African with different backgrounds guaranteed traditions wouldn't endure -some healing rituals, burial ceremonies, means of communicating with spirits remained What is the Natives religion and how does that play a role in community structure? correct answers Wakan Tanka; -Friar set up missionaries to convert Natives to Christianity -The governor thought that Friars was too harsh and allowed them to dance again What is religious "syncretism"? Provide examples correct answers blending of 2 or more religious belief systems into a new system -Pueblo Dance Revolt: incorporated catholic symbolism promoted by Friars, and because they fought a tech superiors common invader, the meaning of Native American dances changed. -African Diaspora Religions, blending of Islam and African traditions, like dancing and stomping, but then Christian preaching Describe the importance of the Great Awakening correct answers In early 1740s, emphasized person religious experience, emotional expression and field preaching What factors led to the Great Awakening? correct answers structures of worship changed, and as religion became more stagnate, which scandals like the witch trials, membership declined
What two theological systems collided in the Great Awakening and how are these important for religion in America? correct answers -Wesleyan-Armininism vs -Calvinism Calvinism correct answers TULIP -Total Depravity- original sin, couldn't redeem self -Unconditional Election- Predestination (elect= heaven and reprobate= hell) -Limited Atonement- Jesus died for elect -Irresistible Grace- Cant do anything about it -Perseverance of the Saints- if you have been elected, you can't change it Wesleyan Arminianism correct answers TCURP -Total Depravity- original sin -Conditional Election- God did not choose where we are going -Unlimited Atonement- Jesus died for all of our sins -Resistible Grace- able to change it if you believe in God
-Present Assurance of Salvation- there is a way to know if you're going to hell or heaven Evangelicalism correct answers the importance of personal religious experience -was more of a mood and emphasis than a theological system or shared belief Benjamin Franklin's religious life correct answers -was a quaker, diest -focused on good works (self-improvement, charity, education) -morally centered christian, didn't go to church -parents came to NE and were puritans that believed in predestination -I believe in one God, creator of universe -skeptical of Jesus divinity -soul of man is immortal, and will be treated with justice in another life, respecting its conduct in this life -since he was a quaker, he didn't participate in the GB war, but it changed his view; Americans now chosen people what factors led to the establishment of religious freedom? correct answers emerging idea of a distinct American identity, a religion public -all of the different sects of religion gave way for freedom of religion -revolution -great awakening Revolution correct answers basis of unity, people coming together Great Awakening correct answers promoted a growing spirit of harmony and goodwill among many denominations
-later was secretary of state under Woodrow Wilson -was an active Presbyterian who promoted public morality defined by Christian and American Ideals -for him, populist desire to protect the farmer, wage laborer, women and children working in factories, represented both moral, as well as political imperatives James Davenport correct answers evangelic preacher; he was a new light, the champion of the people -New light extremeist sough a schism to form into a separate Congregational church -he later published his retraction, apologizing for any harm his radicalism caused and begged for a reinstatement Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen correct answers first major American advocate for this more extreme for of Pietism -his uncompromising demand for personal conversion and strict moral discipline proved controversial, but his effective evangelism had energized his congregations -the NJ ministries of Frelinghuysen and Tennet opened the Great Awakening, but it flowered fully in 1734 revival in Northampton Mass -antirevivalist accused Dutch Reformed Evangelical Theodorus of attempting scandalous undertakings with men he happened be sleeping with Handsome Lake correct answers -Iroquois( "the people of the longhouse," were the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. After the Tuscarora joined in 1722, the confederacy became known to the English as the Six Nations and was recognized as such at Albany, New York)
-He was a leader of Handsome Lake of Senecas and Tenskwatawa of the Shawness invoked divine revelation through dreams and trances to urge a return to traditional ways through sprititual renewal -For Tenskwatawa more than Handsome Lake, the awakening held the key to Indian unity in resisting white encroachment -He experiences visions of the spirit world guided by sacred being, including 4 angels and Jesus -He saw an apocalyptic judgement coming to Seneca and proclaimed that to be saved from torture from the punisher, they must confess their suns to the Creator, and give up evils(whiskey, magic, abortion and rituals) -most Seneca embraced him, he taught temperance, peace, preservation of land, and farming skills, literacy, and sanctity of marriage **Wrote the Code of Gaiwiio, which played a role in the renaissance of Iroquois -movement asserted traditional Iroquois culture while adapting Quaker christianity -syncretism -his movement taught heaven and hell and honored the continuity of native religious cultures in an era of violence and exploitation -his series of visions began in 1799, was the first of several movements that appeared in 19th century to provide conceptions of how Natives might make adjustments without sacrificing culture heritage Anne Hutchinson correct answers -New England Puritan; she believed she was sealed to Christ by the Holy Spirit and that God spoke to her by an "immediate voice" much like he spoke to Abraham -She was banished from Mass Bay colony for being a threat to civil order
-the alliance helped and strengthened GB to get more control -GB made use of power of Iroquois kinship to gain power -1675 and attacks of Indian forces under the leadership of Wampanoag Sachem Metacom -English colonists watched as natives set towns on fire and captured the survivors -in this holy war, seemed that Indians might destroy that city upon a hill and return to savage state -war erupted when 3 Wampanoag men were convicted of murder in the mysterious death of John Sassamon, Christian Indian Minister -metacom responded with a bloody campaign, to destroy the England colonies -Colonists used the opportunity to displace Native peoples including those who accepted Christ, due to missions of John Elliot -late in summer of 1676, English forced trapped Metacom in a swamp and killed him, ending the war. Ku Klux Klan correct answers -religious bigotry resurfaced with KKK -during reconstruction, religious inspired actions we're usually passive, as pastors and churches stood silent while KKK, Knights of White Camellia and others organized mobs who menaced and murdered blacks -Democratic Party allied itself with the KKK and other racist movements to strip blacks of newly won civil rights
-Anti-Catholic feeling, which was kept alive by American Protective Association, and the KKK undercut their ability to work with large populations of urban north and Midwest Manitou correct answers -"The Great Spirit" -spiritual and fundamental life force among Algonquian groups in the Native America mythology -omnipresent and manifests everywhere (organisms, the environment, event, etc) -the Illinois used the complex concept of Manitou, translated by Jesuits as "Spirit, God, Medicine" to describe these spirits, as well as their power. -a sense in which beings, humans another humans could become Manitou Jonathan Mayhew correct answers -he published two sermons on the nature, extent and perfection of the Divine Goodness: "benevolence, not justice was God's principle -Arminian ; gave another early expression of Revolutionary rights theory from the side of the theological divide in his discourse concerning Unlimited Submission and Non-Resistance to Higher Powers -Pastor of West Congregational church of Boston, furthered Revolutionary cause by preaching patriotic sermons, arguing that its as reasonable as when a king turns a tyrant and makes his subjects his prey to destroy, to through off our allegiance to him and resist Samuel Parris correct answers -Salem Witch Trials and the hysteria began in 1692, as the perplexing illness of the daughter and niece of Samuel (Salem's CONTROVERSIAL new minister)
Benjamin Rush correct answers -a doctor in Philly, PA -served as an instructor, administer and trustee -religious liberal around the college of Philly -helped for the Magdalen society, first organization in the US dedication to reforming prostitues -Rush was a founding father of the US; he as a civic leader of Philly, where he was a physician, politician, social reformer, humanitarian and educator, as well as the founder of Dickinson College Samuel Sewall correct answers -local official and judge(during Salem Trials) from the province of Mass Bay ~he later apologized for his involvement~ -spent a lot of time reflecting his own soul and meeting with others for advice; doubt plagued him -he stood before the congregation and shared his revelation -people like him turned to sacred texts for comfort and guidances -he served for many years as the Chief Justice of Mass Superior Court of Judicature, the providence's high court Gilbert Tennet correct answers -part of the First Great Awakening preacher, along with George Whitfield and James Davenport, who took their preachings out to the people
-New Light Evangelical -Old Lights accused him of sowing the seeds of all the discord -gave sermon, the dangers of an Unconverted Ministry *said pastors who had not experienced new birth were blind guides; this critic was last straw for old lights William Tennet correct answers -an Anglophone form of conversionalistic religion arrive in America, brought my Scots Irish William -his son and student, Gilbert^, was a Presbyterian pastor at New Brunswick NY in 1726, where he joined with Frelinghusyen to promote the doctrine of New Birth, requirements christians must experiment conscious regeneration of Holy Spirit -this flowered fully during the 1734 revival at Northampton Mass -Helped the Great Awakening Wampum correct answers -a quantity of small, cylindrical beads, made by North American Indians from quahog shells, struggled together and worn as a decorative belt or other decoration, or used as money -religion provided the symbolic means, like Wampum -gifts of this represent compensation for ills suffered, or points of agreement -as material embodiment of a highly personal and relational understanding of events, they reaffirmed existing relationships or established new ones
-America won because of dedication to God and Country -- goes back to our destiny as the chosen people and New Israel -Needed to prove to the world we could compete -Barbary States of North Africa: Algiers, Morocco, Tunis, and Tripoli How was Isla understood in the Early Republic correct answers -Islam was used as a foil for the American way of life Foil correct answers rhetorical device used to contrast two things From what historical context did Shakerism emerge? How was the Shaker community organized? How did the Shaker community change when power was transferred from Ann Lee to Joseph Meacham and Lucy Wright? How did the Spiritual manifestation era enrich/threaten the Shaker community? correct answers -United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing -mother Ann Lee was thought to be the second coming of Christ -she said that sexual intercourse between Adam and Eve was the original sin, lust is the root of evil -Ann Lee was prisoned for the vision that "changed her life" of lust being the root of all evil -Shake communities were celibate, with no marriage and were pacifists -first people to set up society based on community of goods
-Origins: *French/Samisard Prophets -they shook, shouted, and spoke in tongues, prophesizied the destruction of existing religious and social order *Quakers (they deny their influence) -Jame and James Warley's Shaking Quakers return to purity -early growth *started in Albany, Baptist preacher Joseph Meachum joined the shakers and brought his followers with them *Lee's followers said she was God's incarnate -organized: *parental dual order, in which men and women were equal at all levels of society *gatherings were divided into families, men and women lived together, but their activities were separated *Everyday work was worship, dances usually at night after work -shakers claimed they traveled to Spirit World and visited Ann Lee, who already died *Elders responded with disciple to these outpourings -New rituals, like Midnight Cry and Mountain Meetings -membership dropped after becoming strict What was the dominant religion in America by 1789? correct answers Evangelical Protestantism
