Dr. B Dayal
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Understanding Research: Definition, Method, Types, and Significance, Essays (university) of Research Methodology
An introduction to the concept of research, including its definition, scientific method, types, and significance. It covers the meaning of research, its relationship to expertise and genius, and the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning. The document also discusses the characteristics of research, such as its systematic approach and purpose, as well as the different types of research, including pure and applied research.
Typology: Essays (university)
2020/2021
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Dr. B Dayal
Dr. B Dayal
Dr. B Dayal
What you will not get!
What you will not get!
Instant Expertise!
Instant Expertise!
Expertise is earned –
Expertise is earned –
not given”
not given”
Geniuses are made–
Geniuses are made–
not borne”
not borne”
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH SIMPLY MEANS:
RESEARCH SIMPLY MEANS:
A search of facts
A search of facts
Answers to questions and solutions to problems
Answers to questions and solutions to problems
It is a purposive investigation
It is a purposive investigation
Organized inquiry
Organized inquiry
Seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon
Seeks to find explanations to unexplained phenomenon
To clarify doubtful facts
To clarify doubtful facts
To correct the misconceived facts
To correct the misconceived facts
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
A sceintific undertaking which, by means of logical and
A sceintific undertaking which, by means of logical and
systematic techniques aims to:
systematic techniques aims to:
Discover the new facts
Discover the new facts
Verify and test the old facts
Verify and test the old facts
ARTICLES OF FAITH
ARTICLES OF FAITH
The scientific research method is based on certain
The scientific research method is based on certain “ARTICLE
“ARTICLE
OF FAITH”:
OF FAITH”:
Reliance on empirical evidence.
Reliance on empirical evidence. Truth is established on
Truth is established on
the basis of evidence. Conclusion is admitted, only when it
the basis of evidence. Conclusion is admitted, only when it
is based on evidence.
is based on evidence.
Use of relevant concepts.
Use of relevant concepts. Use concepts to establish facts.
Use concepts to establish facts.
Commitment of objectivity.
Commitment of objectivity. Forming judgments upon facts
Forming judgments upon facts
unbiased by personal impressions
unbiased by personal impressions
Ethical neutrality
Ethical neutrality
Science never imposes any thing, science states. Science
Science never imposes any thing, science states. Science
aims at nothing but making true and adequate stataments
aims at nothing but making true and adequate stataments
about its objects”
about its objects”
Generalization
Generalization
Verifiability
Verifiability
Logical reasoning process
Logical reasoning process
Systematic approach
Systematic approach
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
Systematic and critical investigation into a phenomena
Systematic and critical investigation into a phenomena
Purposive investigation aiming at describing, interpreting
Purposive investigation aiming at describing, interpreting
and explaining a phenomena.
and explaining a phenomena.
Adopts scientific method
Adopts scientific method
Objective and logical
Objective and logical
Based upon observable experience
Based upon observable experience
Directed towards finding answers to pertinent questions
Directed towards finding answers to pertinent questions
Emphasises the development of generalisation, principles
Emphasises the development of generalisation, principles
or theories
or theories
Purpose is not only to get an answer but also to stand up
Purpose is not only to get an answer but also to stand up
the test of criticism
the test of criticism
TYPES OF RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
ACCORDING TO THE INTENT:
ACCORDING TO THE INTENT:
PURE RESEARCH.
PURE RESEARCH.
UNDERTAKEN FOR THE SAKE OF
UNDERTAKEN FOR THE SAKE OF
KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT ANY INTENTION TO APPLY IT IN
KNOWLEDGE WITHOUT ANY INTENTION TO APPLY IT IN
PRACTICE.
PRACTICE.
APPLIED RESEARCH.
APPLIED RESEARCH.
TO FIND SOLUTION TO A REAL
TO FIND SOLUTION TO A REAL
LIFE PROBLEM REQUIRING AN ACTION OR POLICY
LIFE PROBLEM REQUIRING AN ACTION OR POLICY
DECISION.
DECISION.
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH.
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH.
ALSO KNOWN AS
ALSO KNOWN AS
FORMULATIVE RESEARCH. PRELIMINARY STUDY TO AN
FORMULATIVE RESEARCH. PRELIMINARY STUDY TO AN
UNFAMILIAR PROBLEM.
UNFAMILIAR PROBLEM.
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY.
DESCRIPTIVE STUDY.
FACT FINDING INVESTIGATION
FACT FINDING INVESTIGATION
WITH ADEQUATE INTERPRETATION. SIMPLEST TYPE OF
WITH ADEQUATE INTERPRETATION. SIMPLEST TYPE OF
RESEARCH. MORE SPECIFIC.
RESEARCH. MORE SPECIFIC.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDY.
DIAGNOSTIC STUDY.
SIMILAR TO DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
SIMILAR TO DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
BUT WITH DIFFERENT FOCUS. DIRECTING TOWARDS
BUT WITH DIFFERENT FOCUS. DIRECTING TOWARDS
TYPES OF RESEARCH
TYPES OF RESEARCH
WHAT IS HAPPENING.
WHAT IS HAPPENING.
EVALUATION STUDY.
EVALUATION STUDY.
TYPE OF APPLIED RESEARCH.
TYPE OF APPLIED RESEARCH.
FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS.
FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS.
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH.
DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH.
TYPE OF EVALUATION
TYPE OF EVALUATION
STUDY. CONCURRENT EVALUATION.
STUDY. CONCURRENT EVALUATION.
ACCORDING TO THE METHODS OF STUDY
ACCORDING TO THE METHODS OF STUDY
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
ANALYTICAL STUDY.
ANALYTICAL STUDY.
TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS
APPLIED TO QUANTATIVE DATA.
APPLIED TO QUANTATIVE DATA.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH.
STUDY OF PAST RECORDS.
STUDY OF PAST RECORDS.
SURVEY.
SURVEY.
FACT FINDING STUDY.
FACT FINDING STUDY.
Types and Scope of Research
Types and Scope of Research
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
Basic
Basic
research
research
Applied
Applied
research
research
Adaptiv
Adaptiv
e
e
researc
researc
h
h
Significance of Research
Significance of Research
Research has its special significance in solving various problems :
Research has its special significance in solving various problems :
Health, Energy, Water, Technology, Food….
Health, Energy, Water, Technology, Food….
Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it
Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and it
promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and
promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and
organization.
organization.
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in
Research provides the basis for nearly all government policies in
our economic system.
our economic system.
The role of research in several fields of applied economics,
The role of research in several fields of applied economics,
whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has
whether related to business or to the economy as a whole, has
greatly increased in modern times.
greatly increased in modern times.
Research is equally important for social scientists in studying
Research is equally important for social scientists in studying
social relationships and in seeking answers to various social
social relationships and in seeking answers to various social
problems
problems
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
RESEARCHER
RESEARCHER
In selecting a problem, it is very essential for an investigator to possess
In selecting a problem, it is very essential for an investigator to possess
the following characteristics:
the following characteristics:
He should be sensitive in his nature.
He should be sensitive in his nature.
He should be problem-minded.
He should be problem-minded.
He should have mastery on the area and should have specialization in
He should have mastery on the area and should have specialization in
the field studied.
the field studied.
He should have a scientific outlook about the area.
He should have a scientific outlook about the area.
He should have deep insight into the educational process.
He should have deep insight into the educational process.
He should be able to think reflectively on the field studied.
He should be able to think reflectively on the field studied.
- He should have tolerance and patience.
He should have tolerance and patience.
He should be interested in the field studied.
He should be interested in the field studied.
He should be honest and devoted to his work.
He should be honest and devoted to his work.
He should have the curiosity to find out something new or to answer
He should have the curiosity to find out something new or to answer
some questions which are still to be answered.
some questions which are still to be answered.
Problems Encountered by Researchers in
Problems Encountered by Researchers in
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
Insufficient interaction between academics and practitioners
Insufficient interaction between academics and practitioners
Lack of training on the part of researchers
Lack of training on the part of researchers
Fear that information provided to researchers may be used
Fear that information provided to researchers may be used
against them
against them
Secondary sources of data are not timely available
Secondary sources of data are not timely available
Way forward to overcome research problems in Ethiopia
Way forward to overcome research problems in Ethiopia
Greater interaction between academic institutions and practicing
Greater interaction between academic institutions and practicing
organizations/ government/ NGOs etc.
organizations/ government/ NGOs etc.
More education and training on research methodology
More education and training on research methodology
National Policy on Research mentioning that research data can
National Policy on Research mentioning that research data can
not be used against the person
not be used against the person
Timely publication of secondary data and enforcement of act on
Timely publication of secondary data and enforcement of act on
“Right to Information”
“Right to Information”