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Life has been a mystery since time immemorial. It is present in the
tiniest creature beyond the vision of the naked eye to the biggest animal
and the tallest plants. It is in the complexity and coordination of the
different organ systems of the human body that life is maintained. It is
amazing how these systems are well-organized to maintain life. This life is
encoded in the DNA and each one living thing is unique and yet
common in origin. These things can make anybody in awe of the genius
behind the craft. The study of Biology makes you appreciate and wonder
how each living creature in this world is majestically created.
Subject Description
Most Essential Learning Competencies:
- Explain the role of hormones involved in the male and female
reproductive system.
- Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating
processes in the female reproductive system (e.g. menstrual cycle).
Lesson 1
Coordinated Systems
of the Reproductive, Nervous and Endocrine Systems
The human organ systems work hand in hand for the total functioning
of the body. You learned in the lower grade levels the Digestive,
Respiratory and Circulatory Systems. In this grade level, you will be
learning about the coordination of the Nervous, Endocrine and
Reproductive systems. Each organ system is highly specialized and
functions in coordination with all the other organ systems to maintain
homeostasis.
Time Frame : Week 5
Performance Standard : Practice healthful habits to maintain proper
functioning of the organs of the reproductive system.
Specific Objectives :
- Describe the parts of the reproductive system and their functions.
- Explain the role of hormones involved in the male and female
reproductive system.
- Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in
the female reproductive system (e.g. menstrual cycle).
- Discuss the phases of the menstrual cycle.
- Discuss some diseases/disorders of the reproductive system and how to
keep the system healthy.
Lesson 1.1 The Reproductive System
LET’S TRY THIS
Read the instructions below and answer the
items that follow.
Activity 1. Let’s Try This!
Examine the diagram of the human reproductive systems. What are
the parts of the male and the female reproductive systems? Are there
parts that are similar? Are they completely different? Don’t you know that
both male and female reproductive organs are developed from the
same embryological structures? Some hormones are found in both males
and females but vary in quantity and produce different responses.
The Male Reproductive System
tubules. The testes produce sperms throughout the male’s reproductive
years.
The scrotum is a pouch of skin that encloses the testes and it hangs
behind the penis. Since sperms are sensitive to temperature and do not
develop at body temperature, the scrotum protects the testes by
controlling its temperature. The scrotum shrinks at lower temperature and
sags at high temperature keeping the testes’ temperature slightly lower
than the normal body temperature. This enables the sperm to develop to
maturity.
The epididymis stores the sperm after they are produced in the testes. It is
located on the back of each testicle. This coiled J-shaped tube stores the
sperm for two to four days.
The vas deferens is the tube that receives sperm from the epididymis of
each testicle and carries it to the urethra. The vas deferens is about 18
inches long and loops over the bladder.
Urethra carries sperm and urine out of the body and has a valve that
prevents the mixing of urine and sperm. It passes through the penis to the
outside of the body.
Ejaculatory ducts - the ejaculatory ducts are the tubes that are lined with
muscles. These muscles contract to force the semen out of the body
during ejaculation.
The semen is a liquid composed of 95% secretions from the glands and 5%
sperm (200 million to 500 million sperms). This facilitates the travel of the
sperm until they reach the egg inside the female body.
The fluid is secreted from the following glands: 2 seminal vesicles, 1
prostate gland and 2 bulbourethral glands.
Seminal vesicles - the two seminal vesicles at the base of the bladder
secrete thick fluid that nourishes the sperm. This fluid makes up most of the
component of the semen.
Prostate gland - secretes a slightly alkaline milky fluid. It also nourishes the
sperm to help them mature.
Bulbourethral glands
- secretes a thick and clear mucus that lubricates
and neutralizes any trace of acidic urine in the urethra.
The path of the Sperm
The sperm is produced in the testes. From the testis (singular, testes- plural)
it travels to the epididymis where the sperms develop fully in 3-4 weeks. It
then passes the vas deferens to the urethra, and out of the body. Along
the way the glands (seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral) secret
fluids that protect and facilitate the travel and survival of the sperms.
The sperm cell
The Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive system has the following functions: to produce
egg cells, receive the sperm cells from the male and nurture the
development and provide nourishment for the offspring.
It consists of the 2 ovaries, the fallopian tubes or oviducts, uterus, vagina
and the external genitalia.
The ovary is a small almond-shaped organ that produces egg cells.
The fallopian tube or oviduct is a small tube extending from the ovary, but
not really connected to it, into the uterus.
The uterus is a pear-shaped organ where a fertilized egg develops. It is in
the uterus where egg implantation normally occurs.
The cervix is a narrow structure connecting the lower end of the uterus to
the vagina.
The
vagina receives the penis during mating.
The birth canal consists of an elastic wall which allows it to expand during
childbirth.
Lesson 1.2 Role of Hormones in the Reproductive System
Please ctrl + click the link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F 3 zx 9 AHTjy 8 &t= 773 s
(Non-graded)
Supply the hormones secreted in the given organ or gland that
leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics and
maturation of the sex organs.
Pituitary
hormones
Target
organ
Hormones
produced by the
target organ
Sex
characteristics
Male 1. Testes 2. 3
Female 4. 5. 6. 7.
Feedback Mechanisms Involved in Regulating Processes in the
Female Reproductive System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NBnH 9 voxO 8 I
1.2 a Menstrual Cycle
Menstruation is the monthly shedding of blood from the lining of the
uterus. Females begin to menstruate between the ages of 11 and 15.
Let us focus on what is happening in the ovaries and the uterus at
certain times and stages of the menstrual cycle. Refer to the illustration of
the female sexual cycle below. The first horizontal images happen in the
ovary. It shows the development of the egg in the follicle of the ovary
(follicular phase) until its release during ovulation. The follicle can be
likened to a “nest” of the egg. The follicle then undergoes changes and
forms a yellow mass called corpus luteum (luteal phase). The corpus
luteum secretes the hormone progesterone which is responsible for
maintaining the lining (or endometrium) of the uterus during pregnancy
and it also secretes a little more estrogen.
When the egg matures or ripens in one of the ovaries, the
endometrium of the uterus also starts to thicken at the same time. The
matured egg is then released from the ovary during ovulation. The
endometrium continuously thickens until ready to receive the fertilized
egg or zygote. The thickened uterus will serve as the home for the
developing embryo.
If pregnancy does not successfully happen, the endometrium breaks
down and is discharged from the body. This discharge of blood and tissue
is known as menstruation or menstrual period. The menstrual cycle lasts 28
days, but there are some female menstrual cycles that are as short as 21
days or as long as 35 days, which are normal.
The pituitary gland controls the menstrual cycle and releases
hormones that cause the egg in the ovary to mature.
Leuteinizing Hormone- initiates the maturation of the follicles.
- converts raptured follicles into corpus luteum
- causes the secretion of progesterone.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone- assists in the maturation of the
follicles and causes the secretion of estrogen
from the follicles.
(For boys: You can ask a female family member, friend or classmate
to help you with this task.)
For girls: Try to remember when was the first day of your last
menstrual period.
Mark the date of the first day of menstruation in the calendar. ( not
the length or number of days of menstruation). It would be better if you
can still recall the date of your first day of menstruation for the last 3
months so you can determine your menstrual cycle. For example, your
first day of menstruation was June 5 and on Jul3. If you count the number
of days from June 5 to July 3 is 28 days. If you get your menstrual period
almost every 28 days, then your menstrual cycle is 28 days. Remember,
the number of days that you will have your menstruation varies.
What you will do:
- Using a printed or drawn calendar (short bond paper 8 ½ x 11,
landscape), encircle with red the first day of menstruation. In the
given example, the encircled date is December 29, 2019. Make
sure that the calendar will fit the entire paper as shown above.
This is to give space for your drawing.
- Draw a horizontal line for each square in a week so as to divide
the squares into 2. The upper part is for your drawing of what is
happening in the egg in the ovary. The lower part is for your
drawing of the uterus.
- Refer to the table on the event highlights of the menstrual cycle
above. Determine the dates when menstruation occurs. Draw
in the lower box the uterus shedding its endometrium during
those days. On the upper box, draw what is happening to the
ovary while menstruation is happening.
- Draw the different phases of the menstrual cycle in the
succeeding days after menstruation. For example, on the 6
th
to
th
day the follicle is starting to mature and the endometrium is
starting to thicken with blood. On the 14
th
day after
menstruation is ovulation. It is when the egg is released from the
ovary. Draw this.
- On the 15
th
to 28
th
day is the luteal phase. Draw again what is
happening in the ovary on the top part of the square. Draw in
the lower part what’s happening in the uterus during the luteal
phase. Identify which date will your next menstruation will
occur by marking it with an “X”.
The endocrine system plays an important role for the menstrual cycle.
During the first half of the cycle (days 1-14), the pituitary hormone FSH
stimulates an egg to mature inside one of the ovaries. When the egg
starts to develop, it secretes estrogen, which causes the endometrium to
thicken. In the middle of the menstrual cycle, which is about day 14, the
level of LH (luteinizing hormone) starts to rise, thus ovulation occurs. The
ovary releases the egg and the egg travels into the fallopian tube. It
takes seven days for the egg to travel into the fallopian tube going to the
uterus. The production of the progesterone increases after the time the
egg reached the uterus. As the progesterone increases, it maintains the
growth of the endometrium. If the egg has not been fertilized,
progesterone and estrogen levels drop. The endometrium breaks down
and the unfertilized egg passes out of the body through the vagina.
FERTILIZATION AND EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
1. Fertilization
The union of the sperm cell and the egg cell is called fertilization.
After fertilization of the egg cell, the zygote travels in the fallopian tube to
get nutrients from maternal secretions, then it it will undergo the process of
first mitotic cell divisions, which then form into cleavages. When it reaches
the uterus, cleavages will transform into a solid group of cells called
morula and later on develop into a blastocyst. There is an inner cell mass
of the blastocyst with a surface cell layer called trophoblast.
Hormones affect one’s mood and behavior as well as one’s growth
and development. Explain how the role of prolactin in the life and
relationship of a baby and mother. (Non-graded)
Common Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Disorder Symptoms
Dysmennorhea Severe pain during menstruation
Amennorhea Abnormal absence of menstruation
Oligomenorrhea Abnormal and infrequent menstruation
Sterility Unable to reproduce offspring. In females,
the fallopian tubes are blocked, which can
cause the failure of the ovaries to produce
eggs.
Vaginitis A vaginal infection or irritation. One of the
symptoms is burning sensation during
urination.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
STD Transmission Usual Symptoms Treatment
Gonorrhea Sexual contact
Newborns:
Passage through
infected birth
canal
Females:
discharge from
vagina or birth
canal.
Males:
Abnormal pus
discharge from
penis, painful
urination
Newborns:
Eye infection
Infected
persons and
their sexual
partners must
be tested and
treated with
antibiotics.
Sexual activity
must be
avoided until
disease is
cured.
LET’S REMEMBER THESE
Here are the important points for you to remember.
Sex hormones are responsible for driving sexual development
(puberty). The main reproductive hormones are oestrogen and
testosterone.
Estrogen causes eggs to mature in ovaries once a girl hits puberty.
These are then released at regular intervals during the menstrual cycle.
Testosterone stimulates sperm production in males.
Other hormones involved in the menstrual cycle include:
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), causing maturation of an egg in the
ovary.
Luteinising hormone (LH) stimulating the release of the egg.
Oestrogen and progesterone are involved in maintaining the uterus
lining.
When these reproductive hormones do not work as they should,
fertility problems can occur. Our understanding of these hormones
and their functions means we can assist fertility, for example through in
vitro fertilisation, also known as IVF.
The endocrine system works together with the nervous system to
influence many aspects of human behaviour, including growth,
reproduction, and metabolism. And the endocrine system plays a vital
role in emotions.
Individual Performance Task
You are to display understanding of coordinated
functions of the reproductive, endocrine and
nervous systems.
A hormone is a chemical secreted by cells in one part of the body
that is transported in the bloodstream to other parts of the body where it
affects particular target cells. Hormones play an important role during the
reproductive development of males and females. Can you still remember
how puberty had hit you?
Student Activity - Puberty Hits
Post here your childhood and puberty photos:
Childhood Puberty Present day
What changes did you experience?
How did you take the changes that happen to you?
