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Methods of Research Methods of Research (Part 1) 1
Course Module
METHODS OF RESEARCH (PART I)
This learning material is the first part of the module entitled, Methods of Research wherein the qualitative and quantitative research will be differentiated and students will be provided with concepts , principles, procedures and guidelines in conducting different qualitative researches. At the end of the week, college students should be able:
- Differentiate qualitative from quantitative research
- Master the concepts, principles, procedures and guidelines in conducting qualitative researches
METHODS OF RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE VS. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Methods of research can be categorized according to qualitative methods and quantitative methods.
A. Qualitative methods - These are data free and these are used for the following studies: Researches with data from non-probability samples Those which do not seek data generalization Those which are concerned with inferring the characteristics of the population Special kinds of researches or studies such as the ethnographic and phenomenological researches, appreciative inquiry and historical researches or studies.
B. Quantitative methods - refer to methods which deals with Not data-free researches wherein all types of sampling techniques can be used Researches that aim to generalize something Researches which use probability samples Infer the population characteristics Concerned with descriptive and experimental methods
QUALITATIVE METHODS OF RESEARCH
The major purpose of qualitative methods is to look for meanings not for causes, differences or relationships. The following are the common qualitative methods of research:
- Ethnographic
- Phenomenological
- Appreciative inquiry (AI)
- Historical
In general, they are scientific researches which investigates to answer a question, systematically use a predefined set of procedures to answer the said questions, collect evidences and produce findings that were predetermined and those are applicable beyond the boundaries of the study.
ETHNOGRAPHIC METHOD It is a qualitative method of research which is Concerned with where the behavior occurred ( setting) Done to:
- Discover and describe culture
- Understand the social phenomenon from participants’ perspective
- Analyze the context of participants as well as narrating their stories.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Reflexive orientation of ethnographer
- No hypothesis
- Free of statistics
- Description are thick
- With ongoing ethnic data
- Emphasis is on exploring the particular social phenomenon
- There is a tendency to work primarily with data which are unstructured
- Investigate small number of cases
PHENOMENOLOGICAL RESEARCH With the use of metaphor, narrative form and inductive method, this research focus on the human experience. Aside from being a research method the process it employs is viewed as an approach to explain human and social experience.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Free of hypothesis
- Preconceptions-free
- Deals with system developmental change
- Organizational change strategy
HISTORICAL RESEARCH
It is a qualitative research which deals with past events. It has the purpose of explaining the present or anticipating the future which is based on a systematic collection and evaluation of experiences or events in the past which should be in terms of what can be understood at present. Only few researchers utilize this method of qualitative research, maybe they belong to those who believe that past is past and it’s useless to thrive on them anymore.
EXAMPLES: Was the hospital arrest of President Gloria Arroyo legal? Who really was the President of Philippine Republic: Aguinaldo or Juan Luna?
TYPES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- Deliberate – type wherein there is a conscious effort of information preservation like in diaries and epitaphs.
- Incidental - type of historical research which supplies information like physical objects or written materials of historical values (relics or remains).
STEPS TO FOLLOW IN CONDUCTING HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- Develop research problem Individuals, curricula, textbooks, facilities, projects, programs, processes or event, concepts, ideas, and phenomena which occur during a period of time in a given setting can be the focus of the historical research. These can be by nationality, religion, gender, age, occupation and social strata.
- Determine the needed data and make a plan how to gather them. HISTORICAL SOURCES: Primary Source – best evidence source which comes from witnesses to past events or the data comes from the person who were present during that time. It also consist of actual objects used in the past. Secondary Source – researchers has access from another person. Examples: Obtained data from government offices Obtained data from hospitals Obtained grades from the registrar’s office
- Gather and analyze them as to internal and external criticism
Methods of Research Methods of Research (Part 1) 5
Course Module
In gathering data, note taking should be well- arranged and sorted systematically according to objectives. Internal criticism includes document assessment, checking the validity and its worthiness in terms of originality and determination of the type of material, date of publication, the language used at the same time and if it corresponds to the period of the historical event. In checking the genuineness of the source materials, the following can be done: authenticating signature, chemically analyzing the paint or by carbon or dating the artifacts. After external criticism, a researcher may proceed to the next step which is to assess the internal aspect of the paper. Checking on the meaning and trustworthiness of the data within the document is the major concern in this step. Here, good faith of the author of the resource material is to be doubted because much of the work in this stage is actually criticism.
- To answer the statement of the problem, write the report ADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- It is not complete.
- Has documents which serve as strong evidence.
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
- Less creativity on the part of the researcher because only the existing data are important
- Researcher cannot alter the evidences.
- Data are incomplete; other problems may rise because the research is still hanging.
- Inferences, generalities or projections can be established.
