LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS)

Name of Learner: _________________________________________________________________________

Grade Level: __________________________________ Section: __________________________________

Date: ________________________ Subject Teacher: ___________________________________________

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

I. Most Essential Learning Competency

The learner constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability (CS_RS12_IIa-

c-3).

II. Overview

One of the crucial parts of research that you might experience is the construction of a

research instrument. Why? Because developing a research instrument requires a lot of checking or

validation from the experts. Always take in mind that the quality of your research findings depends

on the quality of your research instrument.

III. Discussion

Instrument vs. Instrumentation

In research, an instrument is a general term used by the researcher for measuring devices

such as surveys, questionnaires, tests, checklist, etc. On the other hand, instrumentation is the

action which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument. Take note that

instrument is the device while instrumentation is a course of action (Prieto, Naval, and Carey 2017).

Now that you have learned the difference between instrument and instrumentation, let us

now explore the process of developing a research instrument.

Guidelines in Developing Research Instrument

Below are the given guidelines on how to develop research instrument used in qualitative research

(Prieto, Naval, and Carey 2017; Faltado et al. 2017):

Step 1. Background

•Do basic research on the chosen variables or construct of the research study. Choose a

construct that you can use to create the objective of the questionnaire. Construct means the

characteristics that you wish to measure or to evaluate in your research instrument (e.g.

weight, academic performance, etc.).

•After identifying the construct, it is easy to state the purpose or objective of the

questionnaire and the research questions as well.

Step 2. Questionnaire Conceptualization

•Select a response scale where the respondents answer the questions in your research study.

Some of the scales you might use in your research questionnaire are given below:

▪Yes / No or Yes/No/Neither

▪Likert Scale. This scale is used to measure behavior quantitatively. Here is

an example of Likert Scale:

3-point scale 4-point scale 5-point scale

Always

Sometimes

Never

Strongly Agree

Agree

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Very Satisfactory

Satisfactory

Neutral

Unsatisfactory

Very Unsatisfactory

•Create questions based on the objectives of the research study. These are the guidelines in

developing questions for your questionnaire:

▪The questions should be clear, concise, and simple. Avoid lengthy and confusing

questions.

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region V

Division of Ligao City

LIGAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ligao City

Telefax No. (052) 485-11-37

E-mail Address: [email protected]

Partial preview of the text

Download RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY and more Exercises English in PDF only on Docsity!

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS)

Name of Learner: _________________________________________________________________________ Grade Level: __________________________________ Section: __________________________________ Date: ________________________ Subject Teacher: ___________________________________________

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

I. Most Essential Learning Competency The learner constructs an instrument and establishes its validity and reliability (CS_RS12_IIa- c-3). II. Overview One of the crucial parts of research that you might experience is the construction of a research instrument. Why? Because developing a research instrument requires a lot of checking or validation from the experts. Always take in mind that the quality of your research findings depends on the quality of your research instrument. III. Discussion Instrument vs. Instrumentation In research, an instrument is a general term used by the researcher for measuring devices such as surveys, questionnaires, tests, checklist, etc. On the other hand, instrumentation is the action which is the process of developing, testing, and using the instrument. Take note that instrument is the device while instrumentation is a course of action (Prieto, Naval, and Carey 2017). Now that you have learned the difference between instrument and instrumentation, let us now explore the process of developing a research instrument. Guidelines in Developing Research Instrument Below are the given guidelines on how to develop research instrument used in qualitative research (Prieto, Naval, and Carey 2017; Faltado et al. 2017): Step 1. Background

Do basic research on the chosen variables or construct of the research study. Choose a construct that you can use to create the objective of the questionnaire. Construct means the characteristics that you wish to measure or to evaluate in your research instrument (e.g. weight, academic performance, etc.).
After identifying the construct, it is easy to state the purpose or objective of the questionnaire and the research questions as well. Step 2. Questionnaire Conceptualization
Select a response scale where the respondents answer the questions in your research study. Some of the scales you might use in your research questionnaire are given below: ▪ Yes / No or Yes/No/Neither ▪ Likert Scale. This scale is used to measure behavior quantitatively. Here is an example of Likert Scale: 3-point scale 4-point scale 5-point scale Always Sometimes Never Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Neutral Unsatisfactory Very Unsatisfactory
Create questions based on the objectives of the research study. These are the guidelines in developing questions for your questionnaire: ▪ The questions should be clear, concise, and simple. Avoid lengthy and confusing questions.

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region V

Division of Ligao City

LIGAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ligao City

Telefax No. (052) 485- 11 - 37

E-mail Address: [email protected]

▪ Classify question under each statement based on your problem statement. ▪ Questions should be consistent within the needs of the study. ▪ Avoid using sensitive and debatable question. ▪ Avoid using jargon or unfamiliar words in question.

Choose the type of questions in developing your questionnaire. It can be: ▪ Dichotomous questions. It refers to a question with only two choices such as “Yes/ No” or “Like/Dislike”. ▪ Open-ended questions. It refers to a question that normally answers the question “why”. But take in mind that this type of question is usually used in qualitative research. Example: What do you like most about your school?

▪ **_Closed-ended questions._** It is also called multiple-choice questions. It consists of three or more choices. Example: What is the highest educational attainment of your mother? ___ elementary ___ high school ___ college ▪ **_Rank- order Scale questions._** This is a type of question that asks for ranking the given choices or items. Example: Rank the following based on their importance in work as SHS student. (3= highest and 1=lowest) __ doing homeroom activities __ going to library __ using computer ▪ **_Rating Scale questions._** It is the Likert scale form. It is a type of question that measures the weights of the response of the respondents. Example: _Statement 3 2 1_

I feel lazy doing homework. I am motivates to learn because of interesting learning tools. Step 3. Establishing the validity of the questionnaire Once you have already done creating your research instrument, the next thing that you must accomplish is to establish the validity of your instrument. What is validity in research? Why do you need to assure that your instrument is valid? Validity refers to a degree to which the instrument measures what it intends to measure. It involves collecting and analyzing data to assess the accuracy of an instrument. An instrument could only be valid if it measures what it’s supposed to. Establishing the validity of the instrument is important to ensure that the instrument accurately measures what it really needs to measure. Here are ways to assess the validity of a set of measurement:

Face Validity. This is a subjective type of assessment of the research instrument. This is the simplest and the easiest type of validity wherein the validator skims the overview of the instrument in order to form an opinion. Moreover, it is often criticized as the weakest type of validity used in research instruments (Stephanie, 2015). For instance, you happened to see a questionnaire that measures mathematical ability and you read the set of questions. Right after reading through the questions, you decided that it seems like this is a good measure of mathematical ability. This shows that this is a subjective judgment that clearly indicates its weakest form (Trochim 2020).
Content Validity. This type of assessment refers to the appropriateness of the content of an instrument. An expert to the content or professional that is familiar to the construct being measured is needed in this type of validity. The expert makes a judgment about the degree to which the items in the questionnaire cover all the relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure. If by chance, some aspects are missing from the instrument or irrelevant aspects are included, then the validity of the instrument is threatened (Middleton 2020). For instance, you, as the researcher, proceeds to the expert to validate your research instrument. The validator lays out all the criteria that should be met by your research instrument. Then, the validator uses this set of criteria as a checklist to assess your instrument (Ballera et.al 2019).
Criterion Validity. This type of validity measures how well the relationship between the result of your instrument to the result of another instrument. A criterion is an external measurement of the same thing. To evaluate criterion validity, the correlation between the result of your instrument and the result of the other instrument is computed. If it resulted in high correlation, then your instrument truly measures what it intends to measure (Middleton 2020). For example, an English teacher makes an instrument to measure students’ English writing ability. In order to assess how well the instrument measures the student’s writing skills, she finds an existing instrument that is considered a valid measurement of English

Dissatisfied 3 = Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied Indicators 5 4 3 2 1 Health assistance Transportation Financial assistance Community quarantine security Quarantine facility Education

Please rank the following in order of importance from 1 to 5 with 1 indicating most important, 2 second most important, and so on. _____ Financial assistance to poor families _____ Intensification of transmission tracing and/or mass testing _____ Preparation for Balik-Eskwela 2020- _____ More vehicles for free transportation to workers _____ Vaccination for Covid-
Gender __________________________________
Age __________________________________
Question #1 __________________________________ 4. Question # __________________________________ 5. Question #3 __________________________________
Question #4 __________________________________ Activity 2. Recognize the types of validity/reliability used in each of the following scenarios. Choose the letter of the best answer from the choices inside the box. A. Face validity B. Content validity C. Construct validity D. Criterion validity E. Stability F. Split-half method G. Internal consistency ____1. The expert assessed the instrument measuring the students’ ability to handle stress based on the set of criteria that truly reflects the construct being measured. What type of validity is used by the expert? ____2. An instructor distributes a set of tests to his class, a few weeks after, he distributes another different test but on the same topic as the first set of tests. What type of reliability is used by the instructor? ____3. An English class takes an English Proficiency Test and then take it again after a month so the instructor can assess the reliability of the test. What type of reliability is used by the instructor? ____4. The researcher examines the questions on the instrument measuring the impact of mobile games on the sleeping habits of the teenagers by simply skimming it. On its surface, the survey questionnaire seems like a good representation of what it aims to measure. What type of validity is being used by the researcher? ____5. The researchers conducted two different tests to their respondents. Afterward, they compared and correlated the result of the test they created to the result of the test that already existed and validated. They did this to assess how well their researchers-made-test measured what it intended to measure. What type of validity is used by the researchers? Activity 3. Construct a sample research instrument based on your research topic. You may use different types of questions if you wish to. Follow the sample guide below in constructing the draft of your research instrument. Analysis of Customer Feedback: The Impact in Food Establishments Growth and Customer Services in Ligao City (Research Title) Objective: The researchers aims to know the positive and negative effects of customers’ feedbacks in food establishments in Ligao City. I. Respondent’s Profile (if needed) such as name, age, gender, etc. Company’s Name: Business Time Running: o 1-4 years o 5-8 years o 12 years or more II. Research Questionnaire

Direction: Kindly put a check mark (/) on the box of your choice in each item.

How would you rate your business impacts on your customers in the midst of pandemic? o 1-30% o 31-50% o 51-80% o 81-100%
How much total income did your business gather on the year 2020? o Php 0 - 9, o Php 10,000 – 19, o Php 20,000 – 29, o Php 30,000 – 39, o Php 40,000 – 49, o Php 50,000 – 59, o Php 60,000 – 69, o Php 70,000 – 79, o Php 80,000 – 89, o Php 90,000 – 99, o Php 100,000 or more
Are you satisfied with the collected income of your business in the year 2020? o Agree o Neither agree nor disagree o Disagree V. Reflection Nowadays, social media is widely used by people to easily access news and information around the world. Yet, a lot of fake news surround in social media that threatened the knowledge and belief of an individual. As a responsible student, how are you going to make sure that the news and information that you see in social media are valid and reliable before believing and sharing them to others? How can you relate your learnings in this situation? Write your answer in your notebook. You may also share your idea to your family members or friends. VI. Assessment Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it in your notebook.
It is an assessment that refers to the consistency of the result. A. Criterion C. Reliability B. Instrument D. Validity
Which statement is correct about the validity and reliability of an instrument? A. A reliable instrument is always valid. B. A valid instrument is always reliable. C. A valid instrument is not always reliable. D. A reliable instrument does not need to be valid.
What type of question is presented in the box below? What comes first to last when it comes to your most preferred mobile game? Put 1 to your most preferred mobile game, 2 to your second preferred game and 3 to the least preferred game. ___ Mobile Legend (ML) ___ League of Legend (LOL) ___ Call of Duty (COD) A. Close-ended question C. Rank-order question B. Dichotomous question D. Rating-scale question
In Senior high school, all the students were given a pretest at the beginning of the semester. And then at the end of the semester, all the students were given a posttest. The content of the pretest and posttest were usually the same. What type of reliability is applied in this scenario? A. Construct C. Internal Consistency B. Criterion Validity D. Stability/Test-Retest
The researcher created an instrument to measure the perception of the people on the effects of Covid-19 to their life. The researcher used some terms in his survey questions that are known to be unfamiliar to the ordinary people. What do you think is the mistake made by the researcher in formulating his questions? A. Use of jargon words in the questions B. Use of sensitive words in the questions C. Use of words in the questions that are broad in meaning

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY, Exercises of English

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Partial preview of the text

Download RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY and more Exercises English in PDF only on Docsity!

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET (LAS)

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education

Region V

Division of Ligao City

LIGAO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ligao City

Telefax No. (052) 485- 11 - 37

E-mail Address: [email protected]