Research Sampling: Understanding Different Paradigms, Populations, and Sampling Strategies, Schemes and Mind Maps of Design of Wood Structures

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Research Sampling

Mertens Chapter 11

Research and Design

Definitions and Paradigms

Sampling is the decision and process of the researcher to intentionally find

participants for data collection.

Postpositivist: Probability sampling used to randomly select sampling from

the population of interest.

Constructivist: Uses theoretical or purposive approach to sampling specific

members and detailing all characteristics of those members.

Transformative: Uses probability or theoretical-purposive sampling focuses

on the underrepresented in research. Recognizing power structures that

influence parting members.

Pragmatic: Uses mixed method sampling according to the specific study.

Defining Populations

Research constructs include Racial, Ethnic Minority, or Disabled students.

which can be defined with:

Conceptual Definitions: Uses other constructs to explain construct

meaning

Operational Definitions: Explains how the construct will be measured

Conceptual Idea of the Population

Review of the literature

Formulate the Operational Definition

Important terms

Experimentally Accessible Population- Postpositivist Paradigm.

Described as the people that fit the conceptual definition.

Ex. All program participants enrolled in a particular program

Sampling Frame- Refers to the information collected on the

experimentally accessible population. Information should be up-

to-date and complete

Ex. Enrollment records

Target Population- Refers to the desired population of

participants the researcher seeks to study, within the accessible

population of participants

Ex. All Program participants with a family SES below $30,

Population Validity- When the accessible population matches

the target population.

Discussion

• How can researchers involve participants

when studying race and disabled variables?

• How can participants provide in-group

understanding to the study?

• How can a researcher account for

intersectionality of the participants?

• Is there intersectional identities of the

participants you are studying? How will you address this?

Sampling

Strategies

1. Determine level of diversity in the sample

2. Determine if you will use Probabilistic, Purposive Sampling, or Convivence

Sampling.

Probabilistic: Probability sampling is defined as

a sampling technique in which the researcher

chooses samples from a larger population using a method based on

the theory of probability. For a participant to be considered as

a probability sample, he/she must be selected using a random

selection.

Purposive: Purposive sampling is intentional selection of informants

based on their ability to elucidate a specific theme, concept, or

phenomenon.

Convivence: Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability

sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of

the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most

useful for pilot testing.

Purposeful

Sampling

Mertens Pg. 348-

Extreme or Deviant Cases

Intensity Sampling

Maximum- Variation Sampling

Homogeneous Sampling

Typical-Case Sampling

Stratified Purposeful Sampling

Critical-Case Sampling

Snowball Sampling

Criterion Sampling

Theoretical Sampling

Confirming Sampling

Opportunistic Sampling

Purposeful Random Sampling

Sampling Politically important Cases

Case study sampling

Convivence and Mixed Methods

Sampling Mertens Pg. 353-

Convivence:

Most used specifically for psychological

research

Researcher must acknowledge the limitations

of the sample and attempt to generalize the

results beyond the given population pool.

Mixed Methods:

Complex sampling measures

Most researchers use two different sampling

techniques one for the qualitative portion and

one for the quantitative portion.

Access to Participants and Records

Accessibility to a sample or population is an important factor to consider when making decisions. Consider the following questions when preparing to gain access:

**1. Are there any limitations with the population you want to study? Ex. Institutional access, timeframes, clearance levels

2. How will you gain access?
3. What is your point of entry? Ex. Direct service worker, administration, direct participant contact
4. What/if there are consequences for member participation? Ex. Teachers not wanting to consent to research for fear of their professional reputation
5. Who needs to provide consent? Ex. Parents, caregivers, administration**

Sample Size

Mertens Pg. 361-

Let’s practice

In your groups use of the group members research problem/ question to determine the following sampling procedure:

1. What Paradigm would this research be categorized as?
2. What Research Construct defines the population?
3. What is the Conceptual Definiti on of the population?
4. What is the Operational Definition of the population?
5. Is there Intersectionality in the population that needs recognition?
6. What Sampling Strategy best fits this population?
7. Identify 1 possible Sampling Bias of this research?
8. How will the researcher gain access to participants? What are possible access barriers?
9. Is this a Quantitative or Qualitative study? What type of research?
10. What is the recommend sample Size?
11. Will the researcher use Generalizability or Transferability to present the findings?
12. Explore ways to protect participants and data?