SAMPLING IN
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
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Sampling in research refers to the process of selecting a representative subset of individuals, items, or observations from a larger population for the purpose of studying and drawing conclusions. It is a fundamental component of research methodology because it allows researchers to gather data efficiently without examining the entire population. Sampling methods are broadly divided into probability and non-probability techniques, each with different approaches for ensuring reliability and validity. Proper sampling helps improve the accuracy, generalizability, and credibility of research findings while saving time, cost, and effort in the research process.
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SAMPLING IN
RESEARCH
QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
Sampling
Definitio n Sampling Terminolog y The concept of sampling in qualitative research Factors affecting the inference Aims is selecting a sample Principles of sampling Types of samplin g
The Concept of
sampling
Study population: Sampling units You select a few sampling units from the study population
Sampl
e
You collect information from these people to find answers to your research questions From sample findings, you make an estimate of their prevalence in the study population
Population or study population Sample Sample size Sampling design or strategy Sampling frame Sampling statistics Population parameters or population mean Saturation point
3. Sampling
Terminology
- (^) Here are a few examples of populations in different research contexts: (^) Education Research:
- (^) Population: (N) All high school students in a country.
- (^) Sample: A group of 500 students selected randomly from different schools. (^) Medical Research:
- (^) Population: (N) All patients diagnosed with diabetes in a particular city.
- (^) Sample: 200 diabetic patients chosen from different hospitals. (^) Political Science Research:
- (^) Population: (N) All registered voters in a country.
- (^) Sample: 5,000 voters surveyed about their political preferences.
- (^). Islamic studies research:
- (^) 1. Hadith Studies
- (^) Population (N): All the narrations attributed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) recorded in classical hadith collections.
- (^) Sample: A selection of hadiths from Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim for a comparative authenticity analysis.
- (^) 2. Islamic History
- (^) Population (N): All documents and treaties from the Abbasid Caliphate regarding military and political agreements.
- (^) Sample: The Treaty of ʿAmmūriya (Ammuriyah) and other key agreements analyzed for diplomatic strategies.
- (^). Islamic Law (Fiqh)
- (^) Population (N): All rulings on marriage and
divorce in classical Islamic jurisprudence.
- (^) Sample: Fatwas from Hanafi and Maliki
scholars regarding women’s rights in divorce
(Talaq and Khula).
3. Sample Size The number of students, families, or electors from whom you obtain the required information is called the sample size and is usually denoted by the letter n. The sample size in a study depends on several factors, including research objectives, population size, level of precision, confidence level, and variability in the population. Here are some key approaches to determining the sample size:
- (^) 2. Statistical Formula (for Quantitative Research)
- (^) 3. Using a Sample Size Table
- (^) 4. Software & Online Calculators
- (^) 5. Practical Considerations
- (^) Available resources: Budget, time constraints, and accessibility to respondents may limit sample size.
- (^) Research methodology: Experimental studies may need larger samples than surveys.
- (^) Expected response rate: If surveys have a low response rate, researchers may increase sample size to compensate.
When the population is too small then the researcher will include all units as the study population which is called the Census. When the population is large then the researcher will select a few (a sample ) from a bigger group(the sampling population) to become the basis for estimating or predicting that is called sampling.
- Unit Each component of the population being studied is known as the sampling unit or sampling element. Some or many of these units are chosen as samples for further analysis and deduction. For example, A student, when we are sampling students. An arbitrary resident person in an area, when we are going to conduct survey about the residents of that area.
- (^) 6. Sampling design or Sampling Strategy
- (^) The way you select students, families, or
electors is called the sampling design or
sampling strategy.
Factors affecting the inference
- (^) The size of the sample-
- (^) Findings based upon larger samples have more certainty than those based on smaller ones. As a rule, the larger the sample size, the more accurate the findings.
- (^) The extent of variation in the sampling population-
- (^) The greater the variation in the study population concerning the characteristics under study, for a given sample size, the greater the uncertainty.
- (^) If a population is homogeneous (uniform or similar) with respect to the characteristics under study a small sample can provide a reasonably good estimate, but if it is heterogeneous (dissimilar or diversified), you need to select a large sample to obtain the same level of accuracy.