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Respiratory System: Structure, Function, and Pathologies, Exams of Nursing

University of OxfordNursing

A focused overview of the respiratory system, detailing its structure, function, and prevalent pathologies. Key terms and definitions related to the respiratory and nervous systems are included, such as the respiratory zone, conducting zone, neurotransmitters, and lung conditions like asthma and COPD. It briefly addresses genetic mutations and cellular processes relevant to disease mechanisms. Useful for students in anatomy, physiology, and health sciences, it serves as a quick reference for essential concepts and terminology. Topics like the blood-brain barrier, glial support cells, and neurotransmitter effects are covered, providing a broad view of related physiological processes. The document also includes information on genetic mutations and their effects on protein synthesis, as well as the functions of cellular components like ribosomes and the Golgi apparatus.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 08/28/2025

Prof.Henshall
Prof.Henshall 🇬🇧

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Respiratory System Structure, Function, and
Common Pathologies
respiratory zone - ANSWERS-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar
ducts, alveoli
What does the Respiratory Zone do? - ANSWERS-Allow inhaled
oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO2
Conducting Zone - ANSWERS-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles
What does conducting zone do? - ANSWERS-conducts air to
respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air
Most common cancer mutation? - ANSWERS-Acquired
What does anticholinergic mean? - ANSWERS-blockade of
muscarinic receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for
involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions
What does dopamine do? - ANSWERS-influences movement,
learning, attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in
your brain to communicate and control movement.
What does messenger RNA do? - ANSWERS-Transcribes
information from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the
cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-stranded,
intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making
proteins.
What do ribosomes do? - ANSWERS-Make proteins (protein
synthesis)
Neurotransmitters - ANSWERS-chemical messengers that cross
the synaptic gaps between neurons
Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic
synapses - ANSWERS-Acetylcholine and nitric oxide
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Respiratory System Structure, Function, and

Common Pathologies

respiratory zone - ANSWERS-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli What does the Respiratory Zone do? - ANSWERS-Allow inhaled oxygen to diffuse into the lung capillaries in exchange for CO Conducting Zone - ANSWERS-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles What does conducting zone do? - ANSWERS-conducts air to respiratory zone, humidifies, warms, and filters air Most common cancer mutation? - ANSWERS-Acquired What does anticholinergic mean? - ANSWERS-blockade of muscarinic receptors - This inhibits nerve impulses responsible for involuntary muscle movements and various bodily functions What does dopamine do? - ANSWERS-influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Dopamine enables neurons in your brain to communicate and control movement. What does messenger RNA do? - ANSWERS-Transcribes information from the DNA in the nucleus and carries it to the cytoplasm, and then to the ribosome. Single-stranded, intermediate molecule. Carries the instructions for making proteins. What do ribosomes do? - ANSWERS-Make proteins (protein synthesis) Neurotransmitters - ANSWERS-chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons Neurotransmitters at the parasympathetic postganglionic synapses - ANSWERS-Acetylcholine and nitric oxide

Atropine Neurotransmitters - ANSWERS-Atropine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist that is used to inhibit the effects of excessive vagal activation on the heart, which is manifested as sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block. Therefore, atropine can temporarily revert sinus bradycardia to normal sinus rhythm and reverse AV nodal blocks by removing vagal influences. alpha adreneric receptors - ANSWERS- Beta-adrenergic receptor blockers - ANSWERS--Blocks NE/Epi effects on heart - less Ca++ entry -Decreases force of cardiac contractions What do anticholinergics do? - ANSWERS-Decrease the activity of acetylcholine (neurotransmitter that regulates movement) Atropine - ANSWERS-muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic) beta-adrenergic receptors - ANSWERS-Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, an increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation. alpha-adrenergic receptors - ANSWERS-Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels. arachnoid meninges - ANSWERS-middle layer - network of fibers and collagen that are part of the suspension system that helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact arachnoid meninges layer function - ANSWERS-contains spinal fluid - connects dura mater and pia mater. network of fibers and collagen that are part of the suspension system that helps protect the brain and spinal cord from sudden impact Blood Brian Barrier - ANSWERS-The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities

DNA and amino acids - ANSWERS-a type of evidence for evolution; the more DNA and amino acids in common, the more closely related physiologic atrophy - ANSWERS-occurs with early development systemic lupus erythematosus - ANSWERS-chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs multiple sclerosis - ANSWERS-A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech Loss of ATP in cells - ANSWERS-Cell death increased intracranial pressure - ANSWERS-a raised level of pressure within the skull above the normal and healthy level cerebral vasodilation - ANSWERS-Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels that can lead to pooling of blood and inadequate circulation. pyruvic acid - ANSWERS-the three-carbon compound that is produced during glycolysis and needed for both the aerobic and anaerobic pathways of cellular respiration that follow glycolysis Asthma - ANSWERS-A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. Obstructive Breathing in COPD - ANSWERS-should be Diaphragmatic breathing exercises that assist in strengthening breathing ability because diaphragm tends to be flat in COPD due to hyperinflation of the lungs. Exhalation should be longer than inhalation and should be done

through pursed lips. Though hypercapnia is the respiratory stimulus ultimately leading to chemoreceptor activation, central chemoreceptors use the change in brain tissue pH resulting from the change in PCO2 as their stimulus Nerves capable of regeneration - ANSWERS-PNS nerves can regeneration - CNS nerves cannot Treachers-Collins Syndrome - ANSWERS-An autosomal dominant gene disorder that affects first and second arch structures of the zygomatic and mandible. In severe cases, patients will have a fish-like appearance in the face and may have deafness and mental retardation.