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Rural structures Engineering, Lecture notes of Engineering

Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and TechnologyEngineering

Rural structures and buildings, design and specification of rural structures

Typology: Lecture notes

2025/2026

Available from 03/15/2026

elvis-juma
elvis-juma 🇰🇪

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Plans and Specifications
1. Definitions
2. Background
3. Plans
4. Specifications
5. Estimates
6. Required Contract Provisions
7. PS&E Assemblies
.
1. Definitions
1. Developmental Specifications - a specification developed around a new process,
procedure, or material with the prior knowledge that subsequent adjustments
might be necessary prior to adoption for standard usage.
2. Estimate - the predicted project cost at the time of receipt of bids developed from
a knowledge of the costs for materials, labor, and equipment required to perform
the necessary items of work.
3. Plans - the contract drawings which show the locations, character, and dimension
of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections, and other
details.
4. Required Contract Provisions - those provisions required by law or regulation
of the various jurisdictions involved in funding projects and administering
contracts for construction projects.
5. Special Provisions - additions and revisions to the standard and supplemental
specifications applicable to an individual project.
6. Specifications - the compilation of provisions and requirements for the
performance of prescribed work.
7. Standard Plans (Standard Detail Drawings) -drawings approved for repetitive
use showing details to be used where appropriate.
8. Standard Specifications - a book of specifications approved for general
application and repetitive use.
9. Supplemental Specifications - approved additions and revisions to the standard
specifications.
2. Background. The preparation of plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&E) for
construction projects is essential in order to facilitate construction, provide contract
control, estimate construction costs, and provide a uniform basis for bidding purposes.
1. To accomplish this, each contracting agency is encouraged to:
1. develop plans and specifications for construction projects which:
1. are complete and clear to the maximum extent practicable, and
2. provide for uniformity of practice in contractual procedures and
relations.
1
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Plans and Specifications

  1. Definitions
  2. Background
  3. Plans
  4. Specifications
  5. Estimates
  6. Required Contract Provisions
  7. PS&E Assemblies .
  8. Definitions
    1. Developmental Specifications - a specification developed around a new process, procedure, or material with the prior knowledge that subsequent adjustments might be necessary prior to adoption for standard usage.
    2. Estimate - the predicted project cost at the time of receipt of bids developed from a knowledge of the costs for materials, labor, and equipment required to perform the necessary items of work.
    3. Plans - the contract drawings which show the locations, character, and dimension of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections, and other details.
    4. Required Contract Provisions - those provisions required by law or regulation of the various jurisdictions involved in funding projects and administering contracts for construction projects.
    5. Special Provisions - additions and revisions to the standard and supplemental specifications applicable to an individual project.
    6. Specifications - the compilation of provisions and requirements for the performance of prescribed work.
    7. Standard Plans (Standard Detail Drawings) -drawings approved for repetitive use showing details to be used where appropriate.
    8. Standard Specifications - a book of specifications approved for general application and repetitive use.
    9. Supplemental Specifications - approved additions and revisions to the standard specifications.
  9. Background. The preparation of plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&E) for construction projects is essential in order to facilitate construction, provide contract control, estimate construction costs, and provide a uniform basis for bidding purposes. 1. To accomplish this, each contracting agency is encouraged to: 1. develop plans and specifications for construction projects which: 1. are complete and clear to the maximum extent practicable, and 2. provide for uniformity of practice in contractual procedures and relations.
  1. use standard plans (standard detail drawings) and specifications to:
    1. simplify and facilitate the interpretation and use of the project plans and specifications by contractors and others performing the construction operations and furnishing materials and equipment therefor, and
    2. Reduce duplication of effort that would be required to produce sets of plans and specifications that involve features and provisions that are a part of the majority of construction projects.
  2. Plans
  3. General. Plans are, in effect, instructions using drawings containing engineering data or details pertaining to geometrics, drainage, structures, soils and pavements and other appurtenances.
  4. Plans should not encompass material that is properly a part of the specifications.
  5. The original drawings should be on standard sheets conforming to modern accepted drafting practices or aerial photograph base maps.
  6. Abbreviated plans may be used provided they give sufficient information to properly complete the project.
  7. This type of plan is particularly adaptable to special types of projects such as those for minor emergency relief, safety improvements, resurfacing, restoration, and rehabilitation and pavement marking.
  8. A typical set of abbreviated plans consists of only that information necessary to describe the type of work and its limits such as:
  9. General plan, sketch, or line drawing,
  10. Cross section, if appropriate,
  11. Estimate of quantities,
  12. Tabulation of construction items, providing station, offset, and evaluation,
  13. General notes, and/or
  14. Special details.
  15. Standard Plans. Standard plans are used to reduce the number of drawings required to be supplied for each project and provide uniformity of design and construction where the details are the same from project to project for items such as pipes, gutters, sidewalks, drainage structures, slope protection, light standards, fencing, and other appurtenances.
  16. Standard plans should contain all appropriate information that is necessary to properly describe the details of the work proposed as standard.
  17. Standard plans can be in the form of individual sheets, plan packages, or booklets which are made available to interested parties such as engineers and contractors.
  18. Those standard plans not included as part of the plan assembly should be referenced in the project plans.