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Astronomy Exam Prep: Constellations, Eclipses & Planetary Motion, Exercises of Astronomy

University of New York in PragueAstronomy

A concise overview of fundamental concepts in astronomy, suitable for exam preparation or quick review. It covers topics such as constellations, stellar properties, lunar phases, eclipses, and the historical development of astronomical models from geocentric to heliocentric views. Key figures like copernicus, galileo, kepler, and newton are highlighted, along with their contributions to our understanding of the solar system and planetary motion. The document also includes definitions and explanations of various astronomical phenomena, such as tides, angular separation, and the characteristics of terrestrial and jovian planets. It serves as a useful resource for students studying introductory astronomy.

Typology: Exercises

2024/2025

Available from 08/12/2025

JOHN-WISE-27
JOHN-WISE-27 🇨🇿

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Astrology exam 1 Exam Questions with correct answers
constellation - ✅✅a group of stars as they appear In the sky. No physical relationship, the stars just
look like their grouped together.
Ursa Major - ✅✅The big dipper
Polaris - ✅✅the north star. will tell you where the north is. Important in navigation for astronomy
Ursa Minor - ✅✅little dipper
Sirius - ✅✅Canis major: (great dog) the brightest star in the night sky
What distinguishes one star from another? - ✅✅Location, Brightness (more energy), color, size
Brightness - ✅✅Aparent Visual Magnitude (m): how bright a star appears from the earth
If a star appears to be bright, it could be... - ✅✅1. Instristically bright: actually bright star
2. Nearby(will look brighter than a distant object)
Magnitude: BRIGHT - ✅✅m=1
Magnitude: slightly fainter - ✅✅m=2
Magnitude Fainter - ✅✅m=3,4,5
No longer visible to the human eye - ✅✅m=6
fainter - ✅✅m=7, 8, 9
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Astrology exam 1 Exam Questions with correct answers constellation - ✅✅a group of stars as they appear In the sky. No physical relationship, the stars just look like their grouped together. Ursa Major - ✅✅The big dipper Polaris - ✅✅the north star. will tell you where the north is. Important in navigation for astronomy Ursa Minor - ✅✅little dipper Sirius - ✅✅Canis major: (great dog) the brightest star in the night sky What distinguishes one star from another? - ✅✅Location, Brightness (more energy), color, size Brightness - ✅✅Aparent Visual Magnitude (m): how bright a star appears from the earth If a star appears to be bright, it could be... - ✅✅1. Instristically bright: actually bright star

  1. Nearby(will look brighter than a distant object) Magnitude: BRIGHT - ✅✅m= Magnitude: slightly fainter - ✅✅m= Magnitude Fainter - ✅✅m=3,4, No longer visible to the human eye - ✅✅m= fainter - ✅✅m=7, 8, 9

limit with binoculars - ✅✅m= limit with earth based telescopes - ✅✅m= Smaller numbers are used for.... - ✅✅brighter objects brighter - ✅✅m= brighter - ✅✅m=- 1 brighter - ✅✅m=- 2 SIRIUS - ✅✅brightest star in the night time sky: m= - 1. Brightest planet - ✅✅Venus - 4 (brilliant) Full moon - ✅✅m=-12. Sun - ✅✅m= - 26. The lower the magnitude... - ✅✅the brighter the star. Scale is logarithmic because that's how the human eye works Angular Separation - ✅✅- depends on distance and physical separation

  • use your fist: 1 fist= 10 degrees The moon - ✅✅- Goes through phases

what do you call the least severe tides? - ✅✅Neap tides Angular size of the moon and sun - ✅✅1/2 degrees Solar eclipse - ✅✅when the MOON blocks out the sun Umbra - ✅✅the dark shadow, from the umbra we see the solar eclipse Penumbra - ✅✅outter part of shadow, from the penumbra we see a PARTIAL solar eclipse photosphere - ✅✅the visible yellow surface chromosphere - ✅✅a low density gas outside the photosphere (visible) Coronoa - ✅✅large thing outside chromosphere Annular SOLAR eclipse - ✅✅- the orbit of the moon around the earth is elliptical

  • the distance to the moon changes slightly
  • if the moon is too far away, it is too small to cover the suns photosphere Lunar Eclipse - ✅✅- If the moon is completely in the umbra
  • some light hits the moon due to REFRACTION by earths atmosphere
  • Moon turns dark red, looks red because the light goes through our atmosphere Partial Lunar eclipse - ✅✅- occurs when moon is Partially in the umbra
  • shadow of the earth moves across the moon slowly

Why is there no solar eclipse every new moon or lunar eclipse every full moon? - ✅✅orbital planes are off by 5 degrees Typical ancient assumptions - ✅✅1. the earth was immobile

  1. the earth was the center of the universe
  2. Heavens were perfect What were the 7 ancient planets? - ✅✅1. sun
  3. moon
  4. Mercury
  5. Venus
  6. Mars
  7. Jupiter
  8. Saturn Why do we have "weeks" - ✅✅7 days, represent the 7 ancient planets Planets not yet discovered - ✅✅- Earth
  • Uranus
  • Neptune geocentric model - ✅✅ Why did the geocentric model not work? - ✅✅- planets were not in their predicted positions
  • could not explain retrograde motion of planets retrograde model of mars - ✅✅Things moved backwards
  • believed sun was only one of many similar bodies
  • believed universe was infinite Trial of Giordano Bruno - ✅✅- Imprisoned for 7 years
  • charged with- holding opinions contrary to the catholic church
  • claiming the existence of a plurality of worlds he was burned Galileo Galilei - ✅✅- built a telescope out of lenses
  • used telescope to observe the sky Galileos telescope showed - ✅✅- moon had blemishes and not smooth
  • sun had sun spots
  • sun rotated
  • Jupiter had 4 moons
  • earth could not be the unique center of all motion
  • Venus went through a full set of phases telescope proved VENUS and Ptolemaic model wrong. Tyco Brache - ✅✅- built an observatory with a giant quadrant (protractor)
  • could get position of all objects Johannes Kepler - ✅✅- wrote book about planets and motion (music) Keplers first law of motion - ✅✅- the orbits of the planets are elliptical with the sun at the focus
  • p+q is a constant for any point of the ellipse
  • A= semi minor
  • B= semi minor axis Eccentricity - ✅✅how much ellipse deviates from a circle Keplers 2nd law of motion - ✅✅- a line from a planet to the sun sweeps out when does a planet travel the fastest? - ✅✅- perihelion
  • area a= area b when does a planet travel the slowest? - ✅✅aphelion Keplers 3rd law of motion - ✅✅- a planets orbital period squared is proportional to its semi major axis cubed
  • P2 is proportional to A Jupiter takes 11 years to orbit the sun, what is the average distance to the sun? 11 squared (121)= a3 a is 5 astromomical units Newton - ✅✅- worked with optics
  • invented the reflecting telescope that uses mirrors instead of lenses Terrestrial planets - ✅✅- Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars What is the point directly over an observers head? - ✅✅Zenith

Jovian Planets - ✅✅Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune Jupiter - ✅✅- red spot- spinning storm for 100 years lightning

Saturn - ✅✅large gas planet Difference between jovian and terrestrial - ✅✅- moons are common around jovian planets

  • jovian planets have rings made of particles