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Understanding Motion: Measuring Speed and Acceleration, Summaries of Time and Motion Studies
An introduction to the concept of motion, focusing on measuring speed and acceleration using a reference point. It covers the definition of motion, common reference points, units of speed, determining average speed, recognizing speed on a graph, and the relationship between speed and velocity. Additionally, it explains the concept of acceleration, its units, and how to calculate average acceleration.
Typology: Summaries
2021/2022
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Section 1: Measuring Motion
¡ Observing Motion by Using a Reference Point § Motion is an object’s change in position relative to another object, or reference point. The object that appears to stay in place is called a reference point.
¡ The direction of an object’s motion can be described with a reference direction such as: § North § East § South § West § Up § Down
¡ Describe your position in this classroom (be specific).
¡ Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time taken to travel that distance. ¡ The SI (International Standard) unit for speed is meters per second. (m/s) ¡ Kilometers per hour (km/h), feet per second (ft/s), and miles per hour (mi/h) are other units commonly used to express speed.
¡ Recognizing Speed on a Graph: Speed can be shown on a graph of distance versus time. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 Distance (km) Time (h)
¡ Consider the “Math Focus” on p. 6 and answer those 3 questions below. Show your work.
¡ Changing Velocity You can think of velocity as the rate of change of an object’s position. An object’s velocity is constant only if its speed and direction don’t change.
¡ Combining Velocities You can combine different velocities to find the resultant velocity. ¡ Use the diagram in your book on page 7:
¡ Calculating Average Acceleration You can find average acceleration by using the equation: Average acceleration = final velocity-‐ starting velocity time it takes to change
¡ Velocity is expressed in meters per second (m/s) and time is expressed in seconds (s). So acceleration is expressed in meters per second per second or (m/s)/s, which equals m/s
¡ Describe the acceleration of the cyclist on page 8 of your textbook.
¡ Circular Motion: Continuous Acceleration § An object traveling in a circular motion is always changing its direction. Therefore, its velocity is always changing so it is accelerating. § The acceleration that occurs in circular motion is known as centripetal acceleration.