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SOC 102 EXAM 2: 2025/2026, WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
~ Wells & Darnell - CORRECT ANSWERS- : focuses upon the challenges faced by caster semenya to participate in track events. Sex testing. ~ Anderson &Bullingham - CORRECT ANSWERS- focuses upon the continued challenges of being openly lesbian in team sports despite the fact that homohysteria decreased Nylund: - CORRECT ANSWERS- sports talk radio texts reinscribe hegemonic masculinity. Jim Rome show is a place where men can negotiate & reconfigure masculinity Fink - CORRECT ANSWERS- womens sport participation is at an all time high, however they still receive starkly disparate treatment by the sport media commercial complex compared to men. Discusses negative impact this differential coverage has on perceptions of womens sports Lavigne: - CORRECT ANSWERS- focuses attention on the fact that college student athletes are about 3x more likely to be named in the title IX sexual misconduct complaints than other students
Wiggins - CORRECT ANSWERS- focuses upon the sporting activities of slaves & african americans in the colonies in the early years of the U.S Zirin - CORRECT ANSWERS- Jackie robinson & the politics of stealing home. Robinson faced abuse from opponents and managers. Douglas - CORRECT ANSWERS- focuses upon the way in which the Williams sisters have had to navigate continued obstacles to being accepted within tennis Eitzen - CORRECT ANSWERS- ESPN, midweek games for attention, the need to win Andrews & Ritzer - CORRECT ANSWERS- prosumption through twitter, facebook, youtube, etc. providing a means of contributing to prosumer sport spectacle Kelley & Carchia - CORRECT ANSWERS- youth sports is so large but costs effect varying participation rates Messner - CORRECT ANSWERS- Professional and adult models infiltrate youth sports. Socializing in the youth soccer scene. The way gender is done and impacted by adults
Be familiar with the timeline of the University of Michigan varsity jacket scandal - CORRECT ANSWERS- All the mens team received their letterman jackets and in the beginning the women did not get a varsity jacket. One lady not having that started a protest to get women the opportunity to receive a letterman jacket. When they first received one, it wasn't as good as the mens. So they protested again and got them Be generally familiar with the timeline for increased female sport participation and the reasons behind the increase. Also be familiar with the approximate number of girls who have played an organized sport within the last year - CORRECT ANSWERS- - High school female participation rose 1079% between 1971-2010- playing varsity sports in college increased 622% between 1971- 2010- new opportunities, gov equal rights legislation, global women's rights movement, increased media coverage of women in sports Know the sports that have the highest percentage of positive drug tests - CORRECT ANSWERS- - cycling- weightlifting- boxing- triathlon- baseball The Harlem Globetrotters story - CORRECT ANSWERS- Blacks weren't allowed in NBA so they played for HG basketball teams started out as segregatedReflection of American ideas about race relations in the early to mid 20thcentury Race/ethnic team formation The role of humorVictory over (white) professional league champs comparable with Billie Jean King's victory Their approach was not a direct challenge to racial ideology
Be familiar with the definition of hegemonic masculinity - CORRECT ANSWERS- - it's dominant, pervasive, and unquestioned- ideas about masculinity that are dominant within society and it is rare to see people question them- ties to heroic vs aesthetic and the cult of manliness in the 1890s Be familiar with great athletes of color of the early part of the 20th century including Johnson, Thorpe, Gibson, Owens - CORRECT ANSWERS- babe didrikson- golf, basketball, baseball, track & fieldJack Johnson- African-Americans heavyweight boxing champion in early 1900s. Fought and beat champion jim jeffriesJim Thorpe- Multi-sport athlete (football, basketball, track+field)- 1st Native American to win gold medalAlthea Gibson- She was the first Black athlete to play int'l tennis and won a Grand Slam. 1st black wimbledon champJesse Owens- African- American track star in the 1936 Olympics (4 golds). heightened efforts to find racial explanations for athletic success in an age of eugenics Know facts about Title IX including what is included in the text, the three tests/standards to establish compliance, and a few of the efforts mentioned in lecture that have been attempted by universities to circumvent (cheat) the law - CORRECT ANSWERS- ~ became a law in 1972~ No person in the U.S. shall be excluded from participation in, denied the benefits of, or subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal funding~ Proportionality test, the history of progress test, the accommodation of interest test~ undercounting male athletes while overcounting females, counting non existent female athletes on womens crew, provide less equipment to womens teams, claim an indoor track team despite never competing indoors
ignore and dismiss systems and structures that perpetuate racial inequity and forms of oppression~ imagined perception of the existing sameness used to mask persistent reproductions of inequity between racial & ethnic groups~ the idea and perception that all humans are the same, used to mask the consistent inequalities of racial & ethnic groups in our society~ tenets: abstract liberalism, naturalization, cultural racism, minimization of racism From lecture, be able to relate Foucault's ideas about surveillance and panopticism to sports and also be familiar with the some of the effects of surveillance upon the bodies who are being watched. - CORRECT ANSWERS- - Foucault believed that surveillance is a key aspect of modern society- Draws upon bentham's idea of panopticism in prisons (guard tower in the center of the grounds) that serves as a reminder that someone is always watching- The norms are actually internalized and become self-policing practice. We know what is expected of us and monitor ourselves- Shapes and produces individuals through techniques of surveillance that reverberate through social & individual bodies Recognize how Taylorism (scientific management) pertains to sport (lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - Originally a way of thinking about workplace (especially factories/manufacturing)- attempt to promote maximum efficiency through close measurement of production- how can you be the most productive organization. the goal is to be efficient and make as much as you can and then invest those profits- in sports, we know collective effort of everything will make us better
Be familiar with the definitions of aggression and violence (lecture-similar to textbook) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - aggression: Verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person. Intimidation refers to words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression- violence: The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction Know the norms of the sport ethic (Coakley reading and lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - 4 norms:~ athletes are dedicated to the game above all other things~ athletes strive for distinction~ athletes accept risks and play through pain~ athletes accept no obstacles in pursuit of success Be familiar with the Schneider-Eitzen theory about illegitimate violence in sport (lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - Schneider and eitzen believe that illegitimate violence can be predicted by the structure of a sport- Specifically lower scoring leads to more violence, greater allowable body contact leads to illegitimate violence, more allowed player retaliation leads to less illegitimate violence, more rewards available in a game leads to less violence Be familiar with the Nika Riots—what were they, what sporting event are they related to and how significant were they (lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - fan riots in chariot racing in 532 AD in Constantinople- tied up in political basis for why you support a team- 30,000 deaths in this multi day event - the fans of the blue and green chariot races pleaded with the emperor for mercy at the next chariot race
rewards must be based on achievement rather than ascribed characteristics (equality and no discrimination)-The activity must provide for the relative safety of the participants (protect athletes) Be familiar with the structural strain theory posited by Merton and how it can be applied to sports. (lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - Culture provides goals for members of society- Structure provides (or fails to provide) the means to attain the goals- IF goals and means are not in balance, a strain is created→ behavior viewed as unacceptable or inappropriate by some members of society Be generally familiar with the data regarding how the arrest rates of NFL players compare with the national average for men 25- (lecture and Diamond) - CORRECT ANSWERS- Domestic violence accounts for almost half of arrests for violent crimes among NFL players which leads to a conclusion that NFL players are 4x more likely to be arrested for domestic abuse than expected Be familiar with labeling theory and stigma (lecture) - CORRECT ANSWERS- - labeling theory: no act is inherently deviant. Norms and rules are created by those in power and violators of rules and norms may be labeled as such which preserves the structure of relationshipsstigma: once labeled as deviant, the negative view will often continue. Can become part of identity Be familiar with the approximate percentage of D1 schools that currently have at least one sports program on probation (lecture)
- CORRECT ANSWERS- - 32 out of 350 so approximately 9%
Be familiar with the relationship between overconformity to the sport ethic and hubris (Coakley reading and lecture) and be able to discuss the differences between deviance related to overconformity compared to deviance that is related to underconformity. - CORRECT ANSWERS- - overconformity to sport ethic: coaches may expect players to use violence, Violence may be related to insecurities in high performance sportsExpressions of violence are related to ideas about masculinity- Hubris: pride driven arrogance and an inflated sense of self importance that leads one to feel separate from and superior to othersApplies to a broad spectrum of social worlds- politicians and celebrities- "Deviance" can occur when ideas, traits, and actions fall outside socially determined boundaries that people use to determine what is acceptable and unacceptable in a social world (underconformity)- Some deviance in sports involves overconformity to established norms in sportsSport deviance must be understood in terms of sport cultures and the norms of the sport ethic Know about the history of performance enhancing substances, including steroids, and some of the side effects presented in lecture and also be familiar with Toradol (ketorolac) which is discussed in Easterbrook. - CORRECT ANSWERS- Much substance use can be seen as a form of deviant overconformitySuch substances will be used as long as athletes believe they enhance performance and enable athletes to remain in the game they love- side effects: Blood pressure→ stroke & heart attackLiver damageHair lossMood and mindset- irritability, rage, delusionsBehavior- aggressionToradol (Ketorolac): an anti- inflammatory that relieves pain but does not contain steroids. Usually injected not swallowed and available only by prescriptionThe NfL
Be able to briefly discuss the NFL concussion timeline (talk about more than this, finish this card) - CORRECT ANSWERS- 1994: formation of mild traumatic brain injury committeemarch 1997: guidelines suggest a player be removed from the game if they exhibit concussion symptoms 15 min post injury- may 2000 MTBI questions return to play guidelines- Nov 2003: repeat concussions can lead to slower recovery of neurological function- june 2007: concussion summit- may 2009: McKee meets with MTBI but findings are dismissed- 2010: $30 M for brain trauma research- August 2013: settled lawsuit w/ retired players by agreeing to $765 M- July 2016: new concussion protocols- the # of concussions are falling- how former players are tested for eligibility: baseline assessment programs Be familiar with any data included in December 8 lecture about athlete deaths. - CORRECT ANSWERS- -About 80 NFL players (including 16 who joined military and died in action) and almost 300 college football players (including 100 in the last ten years) died before career ended- 12 NBA players and over 100 male college basketball players-Only 4 female college basketball players, but two were stabbed which is a rare cause of death among athletes Know about the Goldman dilemma discussed in the Pisk reading - CORRECT ANSWERS- 52% of athletes when asked if using steroid to win would be a tradeoff of dying in 5 years said they would use it. Highlights athletes' sense of immortality Know about the general features of the "death boost" in Parsons and Stern - CORRECT ANSWERS- Clout from dying. When a player dies it draws attention and sympathy to them
Be prepared to write a short essay (1 - 2 pages, be sure to write legibly) on the following:Discuss gender/sex inequality in sports focusing on current issues although you may very briefly note historical issues (prior to the 1990s). Be sure to include specific examples of how, and an analytical discussion of why this inequality persists even after the passage of Title IX. You do not need an introduction/thesis. You may receive additional instruction about how to conclude your essay on the exam packet. - CORRECT ANSWERS-
