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Com 252 Presentation Theories
Cognitive Dissonance Theory of
(Leon Festinger)
“Cognitive dissonance is an aversion drive that causes people to (1) avoid opposing viewpoints, (2) seek reassurance after making a tough decision, and (3) change private beliefs to match public behavior when there was minimal justification for the action. Self-consistency, a sense of personal responsibility, or self-affirmation can explain dissonance reduction ” (Griffin, p. A-15).
Dissonance: Discord between behavior and belief Tension of dissonance motivates us to change a belief or our behavior in order to avoid a distressed mental state
Interpersonal Deception Theory
(David Buller and Judee Burgoon)
Human beings are poor lie detectors in interactive situations. Although strategic deception often results in cognitive overload that leaks out through a deceiver’s communication, respondents usually miss these telltale signs due to a strong truth bias. When respondents appear doubtful, deceivers can adjust their presentation to allay suspicion” (Griffin (pp. A-13-14).
Strategies of deception – falsification creates a fiction concealment hides a secret equivocation dodges the issue
Expectancy Violations Theory
(Judee Burgoon)
“Violating another person’s interpersonal expectations can be a superior strategy to conformity. When the meaning of a violation is ambiguous, communicators with high reward valence can enhance their attractiveness, credibility, and persuasiveness by doing the unexpected. When the violation valence or their reward valence is negative, they should act in a social appropriate way.” (Griffin, p. A-13).
Personal space expectations: Conform or deviate? Personal space defined -- Related to Hall’s concept of proxemics – An applied test of the original model --
Social Judgment Theory
(Muzafer Sherif)
“ The larger the discrepancy between a speaker’s position and a listener’s point of view, the greater the change in attitude – as long as the message is within the listener’s latitude of acceptance. High ego-involvement usually indicates a wide latitude of rejection. Messages that fall there may have a boomerang effect” (Griffin, p. A-15)
Three Attitude Zones: Acceptance, rejection, and noncommitment At the instant of perception, people compare messages to their present point of view Individuals differ in their tolerance around a given point. Three zones of attitudes describe a personal attitude structure – Latitude of Acceptance – any position considered as acceptable Latitude of Rejection – any position considered objectionable Latitude of Noncommitment – any position neither acceptable or objectionable
Social Penetration Theory
(Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor)
“Interpersonal closeness proceeds in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate levels of exchange as a function of anticipated present and future outcomes. Lasting intimacy requires continual mutual vulnerability through breadth and depth of selfdisclosure” (Griffin, p. A-14)
Personality structure: A multilayered onion Outer layer – Inner core –
Closeness through self-disclosure The depth and breadth of self-disclosure Peripheral items exchanged more frequently and sooner than private information Self-disclosure is reciprocal, especially in early stages of development Penetration is rapid at the start but slows down quickly as the tightly wrapped inner layers are reached Depenetration is a gradual process of layer-by-layer withdrawal.
Social Information Processing Theory
(Joseph Walther) “Based solely on the linguistic content of computer-mediated communication (CMC), parties who meet online can develop relationships just as close as those formed face-to- face – though it takes longer. Because online senders select, receivers magnify, channels promote, and feedback enhances favorable impressions, CMC may create hyperpersonal relationships.” (Griffin, p.A-2). . CMC vs. Face-to-Face: a SIP instead of a gulp Relationships grow IF participants gain information about each other and use that information to form impressions. Two unique features of CMC – Verbal cues – impressions based on verbal cues only Extended time – takes long to develop relationship but Sip/gulp comparison
Chapter 11: Relational Dialectics Theory (Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery )
“Social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions, a ceaseless interplay between contradictory or opposing tendencies such as integration-separation, stability- change, and expressionnonexpression. Quality relationships are constituted through dialogue, which is an aesthetic accomplishment that produces fleeting moments of unity through a profound respect for the disparate voices.” (Griffin, p.A-2).
Relationships (friend, romantic, and family) are all by complex contradictions that make the relationship constantly in flex.
The Tug-of-War Dialectics of Close Relationships Contradiction is a core concept – simultaneous and conflicting tensions No final synthesis or equilibrium – ongoing ‘tug-of-war’ or a “relational rope under tension “ Contradictions are “produced and reproduced through the parties’ joint communicative activity”(p162)
Three Dialectics That Affect Relationships Relationships not developed in straight line path or based on either/or kinds of decisions Three overarching dialectics (but no finite list of relational dialectics): Integration-Separation Stability-Change Expression-Nonexpression Internal Dialectics – within a relationship External Dialectics – between a couple and their community Dialectical moments are opportunities for dialogue between the partners
Notes for Com 252 Oral Presentations
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Each pair/dyad will choose one of the following Interpersonal Communication theories. One speaker will present and define the theory while the other will present practical applications of the theory to class members’ everyday lives. Each oral presentation will be 6 minutes in length and will include a minimum of 2 academic sources/journal articles. Each pair will be part of a 6 member group that will speak on similar topics but they WILL NOT work together, other than deciding who goes first, etc.
WRITTEN COMPONENT
Include:
1)Outline—see attached
2)Handout/Brochure
A)Synopsis—a brief paragraph describing each speaker’s presentation
B)Glossary—a list of key terms from each speaker’s research
Format for Brochure:
1)one single page (fold and layout your choice)
2)creativity a plus BUT not a necessity
3)bring at least one copy per group in class
11)time frame with Q & A
12)time frame met by each speaker
13)time allotted for questions
14)actually get together and time it
15)someone to operate the equipment
16)all slides on one data file for fluency
17)transitions to show flow; connect it; make sense of order
18)say all your sources when & where you use them (not just on slides
19)don't just write outline on power point and read it
PREPARATION OUTLINE THE INFORMATIVE SPEECH WITH PRESENTATIONAL AIDS
NAME: ______________________________________________ SECTION:
TITLE OF SPEECH:
Introduction
I. Attention Catcher: II. Listener Relevance Link:
III. Speaker Credibility:
IV. Thesis Statement:
V. Preview:
Transition (optional):
Body
I. First Main Point: Listener Relevance Link: A. Subpoint: a. Sub-Subpoint: b. Sub-Subpoint: B. Subpoint: a. Sub-Subpoint: b. Sub-Subpoint:
Transition:
II. Second Main Point:
Listener Relevance Link: A. Subpoint: a. Sub-Subpoint: b. Sub-Subpoint: B. Subpoint:
III. Third Main Point:
Listener Relevance Link: A. Subpoint: a. Sub-Subpoint: b. Sub-Subpoint: B. Subpoint: a. Sub-Subpoint: b. Sub-Subpoint:
Transition:
Conclusion
I. Restatement of Thesis: II. Summary of Main Points:
III. Clincher:
References
List the references you used in the speech. Format them according to APA style.
CHAPTER THREE
Self Concept Factors/How it Develops Esteem Awareness Disclosure Johari Window Open, Blind, Hidden, Unknown Factors Age, Gender, Topic, Relational, Valence (risks), Culture Reflected Appraisal Social Comparison Characteristics of High and Low Self Esteem Impression Management and Why High and Low Self-Monitors Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
CHAPTER FOUR
Perception Process Select, Organize, Infer Factors Age, Gender, Race, Education, Religion, Past Experiences, Attitudes, Values, Beliefs Stereotype Ethnocentrism
REGIONALISM Specific word meaning according to a Geographic region’s usage. Soda; bubbler; gum band
SLANG Street language from subcultures that has Been adopted by mainstream population. Roll like that lblowin up my phone
INITIALISM Using the initials of a group, organization, Etc. instead of the name. VCR/CSI/DVD/CNN
ACRONYM Using the initials of a group, organization, Etc. to spell a new name instead of the Original, longer name. SCUBA/RADAR/AIDS
EPONYM A name, as of a people, country, product, Or the like, derived from an individual. Kleenex/Jell-O/Coke/Jeep/Ping-Pong
HOMONYMS Words that sound alike but have different Meanings and sometimes different spellings. Bass/Desert/Close/Tear/
PREJUDICIAL Racist/sexist/homophobic Blackballed/throw like a girl/that’s so gay
ABSTRACT Levels of abstraction Ball/love
EMOTIVE Words that evoke emotions Louisville (Cardinals that is) sucks
SYNTAX Architecture of sentences, paragraphs,
Essays, etc.
SEMANTICS The study of word meanings.
American English (like all languages) is in a constant state of evolution.
It is impacted strongly by:
a)the media songs Get Jiggy With It TV SNL movies I’ll Be Back cable news shorter; WMD
b)technology medical MRI computers mouse WWW web; hits
c)other languages French perfume, fiancée, Jacuzzi German Volkswagen Spanish burrito; San Antonio Japanese Toyota Etc
