The Advent of Islam in India: The Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim - Prof. Khan | Assignments Requirements Engineering

THE ADVENT OF ISLAM

The last Prophet of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (SAW), completely changed the intellectual

outlook of Arabia. Within a span of 23 years he transformed the barbarous and impious Arabs

into a civilized and religious nation. During his life and also after his death, Muslims took the

message of Islam to every corner of the world and within a few years Muslims became the super

power of the era

Trade relations between Arabia and the Sub-continent dated back to ancient times. Long before

the advent of Islam in Arabia, the Arabs used to visit the coast of Southern India, which then

provided the link between the ports of South and South East Asia. After the Arab traders became

Muslim, they brought Islam to South Asia.//However, it was the Muslim conquests in Persia,

including the provinces of Kirman and Makran, which brought the Arabs face to face with the

then ruler of Sindh,

During the reign of the great Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik, Hajjaj bin Yousaf was

appointed as the governor of the Eastern Provinces. At that time, Raja Dahir, a Brahman, ruled

Sindh.. However, the majority of the people living in the region were Shudders or Buddhists.

They were not allowed to ride horses or to wear a turban or shoes During those times, some

Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back

to Baghdad. They made their journey by sea. The King of Ceylon also sent many valuable

presents for Walid and Hajjaj.

In 712, Hajjaj sent 6,000 select Syrian and Iraqi soldiers, a camel corps of equal strength and a

baggage train of 3,000 camels to Sindh under the command of his nephew and son in-law,

Imadud-din Muhammad bin Qasim, a young boy of just seventeen years. He also had a

'manjaniq', or catapult, which was operated by 500 men and could throw large stones a great

distance. On his The

way the governor of Makran, who provided him with additional forces, joined him.

Muhammad bin Qasim first captured Daibul. He then turned towards Nirun, near

modernHyderabad.where he easily overwhelmed the inhabitants. Dahir decided to oppose the

Arabs at Raor. After a fierce struggle, Dahir was overpowered and killed.. . The Arab forces then

occupied Alor and proceeded towards Multan.Along the way, the Sikka (Uch) fortress, situated

on the bank of the Ravi, was also occupied. The Hindu ruler of Multan offered resistance for two

months after which the Hindus were overpowered and defeated.Prior to this, Muhammad bin

Qasim had taken Brahmanabad and a few other important towns of Sindh.Muhammad bin Qasim

was planning to proceed forward when the new Caliph Suleman bin Abdul Malik recalled him.

After the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim, different Muslimgenerals declared their

independence at different areas.

When Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, the local people, who had been living a life of

misery y, breathed a sigh of relief. Qasim followed a lenient policy and treated the local

population

generously.Everyone had full religious freedom and even the spiritual leaders of local religions

were given salaries from the government fund. No changes were made in the local administration

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THE ADVENT OF ISLAM

The last Prophet of Islam, Prophet Muhammad (SAW), completely changed the intellectual outlook of Arabia. Within a span of 23 years he transformed the barbarous and impious Arabs into a civilized and religious nation. During his life and also after his death, Muslims took the message of Islam to every corner of the world and within a few years Muslims became the super power of the era Trade relations between Arabia and the Sub-continent dated back to ancient times. Long before the advent of Islam in Arabia, the Arabs used to visit the coast of Southern India, which then provided the link between the ports of South and South East Asia. After the Arab traders became Muslim, they brought Islam to South Asia.//However, it was the Muslim conquests in Persia, including the provinces of Kirman and Makran, which brought the Arabs face to face with the then ruler of Sindh, During the reign of the great Umayyad Caliph Walid bin Abdul Malik, Hajjaj bin Yousaf was appointed as the governor of the Eastern Provinces. At that time, Raja Dahir, a Brahman, ruled Sindh.. However, the majority of the people living in the region were Shudders or Buddhists. They were not allowed to ride horses or to wear a turban or shoes During those times, some Muslim traders living in Ceylon died and the ruler of Ceylon sent their widows and orphans back to Baghdad. They made their journey by sea. The King of Ceylon also sent many valuable presents for Walid and Hajjaj. In 712, Hajjaj sent 6,000 select Syrian and Iraqi soldiers, a camel corps of equal strength and a baggage train of 3,000 camels to Sindh under the command of his nephew and son in-law, Imadud-din Muhammad bin Qasim, a young boy of just seventeen years. He also had a 'manjaniq', or catapult, which was operated by 500 men and could throw large stones a great distance. On his The way the governor of Makran, who provided him with additional forces, joined him. Muhammad bin Qasim first captured Daibul. He then turned towards Nirun, near modernHyderabad.where he easily overwhelmed the inhabitants. Dahir decided to oppose the Arabs at Raor. After a fierce struggle, Dahir was overpowered and killed... The Arab forces then occupied Alor and proceeded towards Multan.Along the way, the Sikka (Uch) fortress, situated on the bank of the Ravi, was also occupied. The Hindu ruler of Multan offered resistance for two months after which the Hindus were overpowered and defeated.Prior to this, Muhammad bin Qasim had taken Brahmanabad and a few other important towns of Sindh.Muhammad bin Qasim was planning to proceed forward when the new Caliph Suleman bin Abdul Malik recalled him. After the departure of Muhammad bin Qasim, different Muslimgenerals declared their independence at different areas. When Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh, the local people, who had been living a life of misery y, breathed a sigh of relief. Qasim followed a lenient policy and treated the local population generously.Everyone had full religious freedom and even the spiritual leaders of local religions were given salaries from the government fund. No changes were made in the local administration

Everyone was treated equally. Poor people, especially Buddhists, were very impressed by his policies and many of them embraced Islam. A number of Mosques and Madrasas were constructed in important towns. In a short period of time Sindh became a center of Islamic learning. A number of religious scholars, writers and poets were emerged and they spread their knowledge. The Muslims learned Indian sciences like medicine, astronomy and mathematics. Sanskrit books on various subjects were translated into Arabic. During the reign of Haroon al Rasheed, a number of Hindu scholars were even invited to Baghdad. The establishment of Muslim rule also paved way for future propagation of Islam in Sindh and the adjoining regions. Later Sindh also attracted Ismaili missionaries who were so successful that Sindh passed under Ismaili rule. With the conquest of Lahore by Mahmud of Ghazni, missionary activity began again under the aegis of Sufis who were the main agents in the Islamization of the entire region

Rulers of Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate refers to five Muslim kingdoms or dynasties that ruled over the territory of Delhi between the years 1206 to 1526 CE. In the 16th Century, the last rulers of the Delhi Sultanate were defeated by Mughals, who then laid the foundation of the Mughal Empire in India. Before the Mughal Empire came into existence, the Delhi Sultanate was considered to be the most powerful State in the Northern India. The five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate include:

The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
The Khilji Dynasty (1290 -1320)
Tughlaq Dynasty (1320-1414)
The Sayyid Dynasty (1414-1451)
The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)

The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)

1 Qutb-ud-din Aibak was the first ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty (also called the slave dynasty). He was a generous ruler and ruled over the Sultanate of Delhi for over four years. Qutb-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of Qutub Minar. 2 Another important ruler of the Mamluk Dynasty was Shams-ud-din Iltutmish. He was the son-in-law of Qutb-ud-din Aibak. Shams-ud-din Iltumish was known for the Iqta system of land revenue and the completion of Qutub Minar 3 After Shams-us-din Iltumish, his military trained daughter Raziya Sultan (Raziyat-ud- din Sultana) took over the Sultanate of Delhi. Balban succeded Raziya Sultan, followed by his grandson Qaiqabad (Kaikubad).

3 Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq was succeeded by Firuz Shah Tughlaq who was half Muslim (his mother was a Hindu). He was known to establish cities. Under his reign, cities like Firuzshah Kotla (Delhi), Hisar, Jaunpur (West Bengal), Fatahabad, Firozabad were founded. 4 After the demise of Firuz Shah Tughlaq, his successors were killed one by one and the Delhi Sultanate lost its charm and importance. Ruler Reign 1 Ghiyath-al-din Tughlaq 1321–1325 2 Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1325–1351 3 Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351–1388 4 Ghiyas-ud-in Tughlaq II 1388–1389 5 Abu Bakr Shah 1389–1390 6 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III 1390–1393 7 Ala-ud-Din Sikandar Shah I 1393 8 Mahmud Nasir ud din 1393–1394 9 Nusrat Shah 1394–1399 10 Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah 1399–

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

After the Tughlaq Dynasty, Khizr Khan founded the Sayyid Dynasty. He was the governor of Multan and Timur's deputy in India. Khizr Khan died of illness and was succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah.
Mubarak Shah had a vision of expanding the empire, but his plans were foiled by opposition and revolts of the nobles. Even with this opposition, Mubarak Shah was an efficient ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. • After Mubarak Shah, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by two incompetent rulers - Muhammad Shah and Ala-ud-din Alam Shah thereafter. Ala-ud-din Alam Shah was the last ruler of the Sayyid Dynasty. He gave up the throne voluntarily in favour of Bahlol Lodi Ruler Reign Khizr Khan 1414–1421 Mubarak Shah 1421–1434 Muhammad Shah 1434–1445 Alam Shah 1445–

The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

1 The rulers of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty were the last rulers of the Delhi Sultanate. They tried their best to bring Delhi to the past glory, but could not succeed. 2 Bahlol Lodi was the first ruler of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty and was succeeded by his son Sikandar Lodi. 3 Sikandar Lodi was known for his leadership and thirst for supremacy. He launched campaigns against several kingdoms. In the year 1503, he established the city of Agra. He also transferred his headquarter to Agra due to its strategic location.

4 Sikandar Lodi was succeeded by his son Ibrahim Lodi, who was the last of the Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate Ruler Reign Bahlol Lodi 1451–1489 Sikander Lodi 1489–1517 Ibrahim Lodi 1517–1526 • The rulers of the Afghan Lodi Dynasty were the last

The Advent of Islam in India: The Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim - Prof. Khan, Assignments of Requirements Engineering

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Partial preview of the text

Download The Advent of Islam in India: The Conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim - Prof. Khan and more Assignments Requirements Engineering in PDF only on Docsity!

THE ADVENT OF ISLAM

Rulers of Delhi Sultanate

The Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)

The Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

The Afghan Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)