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IDEALOGY ORIGIN:
The word was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy in 1796, assembling the words “ideo” and “logos” from Greek. He used it to refer to one aspect of his "science of ideas". The word ideology originated during French Revolution. DEFINATION: Ideology is a systematic body of ideas and concepts; especially one on which a political, cultural, social or economic system is based. Ideology represents the collective consciousness of a group of people in a particular period of history. SIGNIFICANCE OF IDEOLOGY It reflects the ideas of the people and determines their way of living, thinking and social interaction. It helps people unite on one platform and affords a source of manifestation of the national strength. Ideology helps in making right decisions. It provides an insight in making the choice of the leaders. It is an inspirational force for deeds and actions. People may willingly sacrifice anything for a certain cause under the influence of an ideology. It is the source of struggle for achieving the divine objective and serves as a motivational force for the progress and prosperity of a society under a recognized and truthful leadership. How Ideologies Emerges? An ideology emerges when people feel strongly that are being mistreated under an existing order, when their status is threatened by fundamental changes occurring in the society, and when the dominant ideology no longer satisfies them. Ideology of Pakistan Pakistan is an Ideological state and the Ideology of Pakistan is based on Islam. Its basic principle are: The only sovereign is Allah almighty. Factors creating the idea of a Separate Homeland. Two Nation Concept.
Two-Nation Theory
Concept of Two-Nation Theory is that Muslims and Hindus of subcontinent cannot live together because their religions, cultures, traditions, languages, customs, heroes and manners are entirely different. Aims and objectives of the creation of Pakistan
Enforcement of the Sovereignty of the Allah Almighty Establishment of the Islamic Democracy Restoration of Muslim image and Identity Protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization Establishment of balanced Economic System Two Nation Theory Ideology of Pakistan-Process The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical Explanation, Quaid-e-Azam translated it into a political Reality, and The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. Pakistan Ideology: Allama Iqbal Iqbal delivered his presidential address at Allahabad in 1930. During that address, he said, India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages, and professing different religions. He further added: “Personally, I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India”. Pakistan Ideology: Quaid-e-Azam Quaid’s address to the students at Islamia College, Peshawar, He explained his views about ideology, saying: “Our demand for Pakistan is not a piece of land, instead we want to establish an experimental laboratory where we could practice system based on Islamic principles”.
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT-1900-
PARTITION OF BENGAL-1905 & SIMLA DEPUTATION-
INTRODUCTION
Lord Curzon submitted the scheme to the British government in February, 1905. The Secretary of state for India, St. John Brodick approved the plan in June and consequently the province of Bengal was partitioned on 16th October, 1905. The province was divided into two provinces Eastern Bengal with Decca as its capital and Western Bengal with Calcutta as its capital.
Simla Deputation- Liberal Party won the election in England in 1905. It believed in giving adequate safeguards to Indian people by introducing constitutional reforms. So a delegation of prominent Muslim Leaders from all over the country was formed under the leadership of Sir Agha Khan-III. Preparation for Simla Deputation Arrangement of meetings among Muslim personalities like Mohsin-ul- Mulk, Waqarul-Mulk and Sir Agha Khan. Mohsin-ul-Mulk got the memorial signed by 1411183 Muslims from Peshawar to Bihar. Mr. Archbold (principal of M.A.O College), contacted Dunlop Smith the private secretary of viceroy and arranged a meeting between Muslims and Lord Minto. Formation of Simla Delegation A Muslim delegation comprising of 35 leaders headed by Sir Agha Khan- III met Viceroy, Lord Minto at Simla on October 1, 1906. The draft of Simla Deputation was written by Syed Ali Bilgrami. Demands of Simla Delegation Muslims should be given the right to vote under separate electoral system. The Muslims should be given representation in the Imperial Legislative Council in excess of their population. The Muslims should be given due share in the gazetted and non-gazetted cadres. The Muslims should be appointed as judges of High courts as well as chief courts. Seats should be reserved for Muslims in the Senate and Syndicate of various universities. Financial help should be given for setting up a Muslim university. Muslims should be given representation in the Executive council of Viceroy Lord Minto’s Response to The Muslim Leaders Lord Minto gave a patient hearing to the demands of the Muslims presented by Simla Deputation. He expressed his complete agreement with the principles of the separate electorates. He promised to give a sympathetic consideration to the demands and assured the deputation that he would do all what was possible to meet the demands. Importance of Simla Delegation Separate electorate was accepted in Minto-Morley Reforms in 1909. it created unity among Muslims. Protection of Muslim Rights and Interests. Representation in Administration and Judiciary.
Educational Development of Muslims. Hindu-Muslim conflicts rose to the constitutional level. Basis for creation of Muslim League and Pakistan Movement.
ESTABLISHMENT OF MUSLIM LEAGUE-
Historical Perspective After the war of independence 1857, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advice the Muslims not to join the congress and also tried to keep them away from the politics. Till his death in 1898 he worked for the Muslim Political Interest itself but after the death of the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the Muslim felt that their will be a separate political party of the Muslims which worked for the Muslim interest only. Establishment of Muslim League To meet the political needs of the Muslims of India It was decided in the annual meeting of the Muhammadan Education Conference in Dhaka in 1906, that a political party of the Muslims should be established. The Muslim League was founded on 30th December 1906 at Dhaka. Causes of the Establishment of Muslim League Establishment of Indian National Congress Communalism (Sanghtan, Shudhi, Arya samaj) Urdu Hindi Controversy Partition of Bengal Simla Deputation The British attitude (Political Reforms) Negative Role of Hindu Sectarian Parties and Movements Objectives of All India Muslim League To establish friendly relations between the British government and the Muslims. To co-ordinate with other nations and political parties in the sub-continent for the common welfare. To protect the rights of the Muslims by seeking government co-operation. To remove misunderstandings from the minds of the British against the Muslims. Lucknow Pact- Lucknow Pact, (December 1916), agreement made by the Indian National Congress headed by Maratha leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak and the All- India Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah; It was adopted by the Congress at its Lucknow session on December 29 and by the League on December 31, 1916. Importance of lucknow
1/4 representation for the Muslim community (Reserved) Hindi should be official Language. Quaid-e-Azam’s response on Report Quaid-e-Azam proposed 3 amendments:- 1. 1/3 representation for the Muslim community. 2. Representation in Punjab and Bengal on basis of population. 3. Powers to be given to the provinces. The recommendations of Quaid-e-Azam were rejected by Congress Party. All Parties Muslim Conference APMC was held in Delhi under Sir Agha khan (1929). The Demands of APMC: Separate Electorate system for Muslim. Federal system to be introduced in the Centre with provincial autonomy. 1\3 representation in central legislature Representation in central and provincial assemblies government. .Representation on the basis of population in Bengal and Punjab. Fourteen Points of Mr. Jinnah M.A Jinnah presented his famous fourteen points on March 28, 1929 to the Muslim League Council at their session in Delhi. Since all the Muslims opposed the Nehru Report, these points were to counter the proposals made in the Nehru Report. The points were to recommend there forms that would defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
- Residuary powers tested in centre.
- Provincial autonomy.
- Effective representation of minorities.
- Separate electorate.
- No territorial redistribution in Punjab, Bengal and NWFP.
- Religious liberty.
- 3/4 of a community's votes to change laws affecting them
- 1/3 Muslims representation in central legislature.
- Sindh to be separated from Bombay.
- Reforms in NWFP and Balochistan.
- Muslims' share in services and local bodies.
- Safeguard to Muslim culture and religion.
- 1/3 members in each cabinet.
- No change in central constitution without consent of provinces. Allahabad Address 1930 Allama Iqbal presented the idea of a separate homeland for Indian Muslims which was ultimately realized in the form of Pakistan. ‘‘I would like to see the Punjab, NorthWest Frontier Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state.”
“The principle of European democracy cannot be applied to India without recognizing the fact of communal groups”. He added. “The Muslim demand for the creation of Muslim India within India is, therefore, perfectly justified” Round Tables Conferences 1930- After publishing Simon commission report, Congress launched Civil disobedience movement under Gandhi's leadership in April 1930. Both Gandhi and Jawahar Lal Nehru were arrested. Government invited Round Table Conferences in London. First Round Table Conference First RTC was held from 12th November, 1930 to 19th January, 1931. Congress boycotted the conference. Eight sub-committees were formed and accepted the proposal of full responsible government in provinces and a federal system in the centre. Gandhi-Irvin Pact Lord Irvin invited Gandhi for talks, continued from 17th to 19th February
Agreement signed on 5 th March 1931.
- Congress will call off civil disobedience
- Attend 2nd Round Table Conference 3 Government would withdraw all ordinances which curb the Congress
- Release detained persons. Second Round Table Conference Second RTC was held from 7th September 1931 till 1 st December 1931, in London. Gandhi represented Congress. Gandhi’s stubborn attitude towards minorities. Conference ended without any conclusion Third Round Table Conference From 17th November 1932 to 24th November 1932. Congress abstained from the conference Congress once again Congress call Civil Disobedience Movement. Conference ended without achieving goals Government of India Act 1935. The recommendations of round table conferences published in 1933. After approval from British parliament, the Bill enforced as Government of India Act, 1935. The Act contained, 14 parts and 10 Schedules, consisted of two parts 1 Provincial subjects 2 Federal subjects
Congress rule's suppression & Muslim League's campaigning caused its Muslim vote-bank to increase, making it a powerful party for Muslim masses End of Congress Tyranny The Congress ministries resigned in October and November 1939, in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India at war with Germany during Second World War without consulting the Indian people. Muslim League celebrated Day of Deliverance on 22 December 1939 from Congress injustice and oppression Lahore Resolution- The Muslim nationalism reached its highest watermark on 23rd March, 1940, when the AllIndia Muslim League passed the historic Lahore Resolution in its 27th annual session held in Lahore (Minto Park). Fazl-ul-Haq, the premier of Bengal, moved the resolution which was seconded by Chaudary Khaliquzaman and supported by Sir Zafar Ali Khan, Nawab Ismail Khan and others. Text of resolution “No constitution plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to the Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles, namely that the geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so constituted, with such territorial readjustment as may be necessary, that the areas in which the Muslims are in majority as in the North Western and Eastern Zones of India … p.t.o Text of the Resolution … should be grouped together in independent states in which the constitutional units shall be autonomous and sovereign. Satisfactory, effective and mandatory safeguards should be specifically provided in the constitution for minorities for the protection of their religious, cultural, economic, political, administrative and other rights.” Importance of the Lahore Resolution The Resolution carries a great importance in the history of the Pakistan Movement It marked a turning point in the Muslim attitude towards the future constitutional arrangements in the Sub-continent. First time in the history of Sub-continent, the Muslims changed their demand from a federal system to a sovereign independent nation, Pakistan. Importance of the Lahore Resolution After the adoption of the resolution, Pakistan became a magic word for the Muslims throughout the light and breadth of country. This spirit was carried forward to the general elections of 1945-46, in which the Muslims gave their verdict clearly in the favour of Pakistan.
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT-1941-
Cripps Mission 1942 Japan already had taken over Philippines, Malaysia and come to the borders of Assam. Japan could easily attack India. To check the situation Sir Stafford Cripps a member of the war cabinet was sent in March 1942 to India to get India’s cooperation to fight the war. Cripps Proposals After the war an Indian Union would be setup with Dominion status (though individual provinces could opt out of the Union and negotiate their own independence), After the war a Constituent Assembly should frame a new Constitution, Elections for the Constituent Assembly would be held immediately after the war. Reaction to the Proposals Cripps proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the Muslim League. The Congress characterized them as “a postdated cheque on a failing bank.” The Muslim League rejected these proposals as no separate homeland for the Indian Muslims was mentioned. Jinnah said that if these were accepted “Muslims would become a minority in their majority provinces as well.” Simla Conference- When Lard Wavell took over as Viceroy, the tide of the World War-II was turning in favour of the allies. Lord Wavell declared that British Government wanted to see India as an independent and prosperous country. When the war ended in August 1945, he decided to hold a political conference to which he invited Muslim League and Congress representatives. The conference began in Simla on June 24, 1945. There was to be parity of representation in proposed Interim Central Government. There was a deadlock over the Muslim League’s demand that all five Muslim members of the Executive Council should be the nominees of ML. The Congress denied Muslim League’s claim of being the sole representative of the Indian Muslims. Quaid-i-Azam took a strong stand and the conference failed to achieve anything and finally ended on 14th July, 1945. Elections of 1945- On 21st of August viceroy announced to hold the elections in central and provincial legislature. All India Muslim League contested with two elementary points that:
EMERGENCE OF PAKISTAN
3rd June Plan / Partition Plan After the War, Labour party came into power under the leadership of Lord Clement Atlee. In consideration of the Muslim League success in the 1945-46 elections, the Labour Party was motivated to the Partition Plan. Under the circumstance, Lord Mountbatten came to India as the last viceroy of the subcontinent on March 22, 1947. On reaching India, he first met Congress leaders and, then, the Quaid-e-Azam and finally he announced the partition plan on June 3, 1947 Features of 3rd June Plan. British India will be divided into two parts. Separate meetings of the Hindu and Muslim members of the Punjab and Bengal provincial assemblies will be held and, if they decided for the partition, their provinces shall also be partitioned. In case the partition of the Punjab and Bengal is decided, then a boundary commission shall be appointed to draw the actual boundaries. The members of Sindh Assembly shall decide, if they wanted to join Pakistan or India. A referendum shall be held in N.W.F.P to decide, if the province wanted to join Pakistan or India. The Muslim majority district of Sylhet in Assam shall decide about its future by referendum. In Balochistan, Shahi Jirga (Council of Chiefs) and non-government members of Quettamunicipality shall be given the right to decide whether to join Pakistan or India. The Princely states shall decide their accession to anyone state looking to their strange circumstances and geographical position. The British government intended to hand-over power to Indians before June 1948 Boundary Commission Lord Mountbatten had appointed Sir Cyril Redcliff to head a Boundary Commission to establish the new borders. Boundary Commission was set up under the 3rd June Plan. Radcliffe had eight assistants, two nominated by the Congress and two by the Muslim League for each province (Bengal & Punjab). The Commission submitted its Partition Map on 9 August 1947 & new boundaries were formally announced on 17 August 1947. Members of the Commission Bengal Boundary Commission: Justice C. C. Biswas & Justices B. K. Mukherji on behalf of India & Justices Abu Saleh Mohamed Akram and Justices S. A. Rahman on behalf of Pakistan.
Punjab Boundary Commission: Justice Mehr Chand Mahajan & Justices Teja Singh on behalf of India & Justice Din Mohamed and Justices Muhammad Munir on behalf of Pakistan. Unjustness of the commission In demarcating the boundaries of the Punjab, Radcliffe gave the Muslim majority thesils (sub-districts) of Gurdaspur, Batala, Ferozepur and Zira to India. In the same way, by a conspiracy, a land route was provided through Gurdaspur to connect the state of Jammu and Kashmir with India. Most of the headworks of rivers in the Punjab were given to India and thus river water problem was created. In deciding the boundaries of Bengal, the award gave Calcutta city and Port, the whole Muslim district of Murshidabad and several Muslims areas of Nadia district to India Indian Independence Act: 1947 On July 18, 1947, the British Parliament accepted the Partition Plan and passed an act of the Parliament called the Indian Independence Act of
- According to this Act, from August 15, 1947, two independent states of India and Pakistan were to be established with dominion status and thus the British rule over the British India would come to an end. Features of Indian Independence Act British India shall be partitioned into two states. The British government would have no control over affairs of the Dominions, Provinces or any part of the Dominions. The Constituent Assemblies of both the Dominions shall exercise full and comprehensive legislative powers in their respective areas/jurisdictions. Until a new constitution was framed for both the states, the affairs of the state shall be conducted in accordance with the provisions of the Government of India Act 1935 in read with the Indian-Independence Act,
The British Crown shall have no right to reject laws passed by the Legislative Assemblies of Pakistan and India. This power shall be exercised by the GovernorGeneral. The Governor-General was given the power to modify or adopt the Government of India Act 1935 as he deemed fit and necessary till March 31, 1948. After that day, it was open to the Constituent Assembly to modify or adopt the same Act All agreements made between the British Government and the Princely states shall lapse. Now-onwards, the Indian states and the new Dominions shall negotiate relationship with their respective governments. The title of the “Emperor of India” was to be dropped from the royal titles of the Kind of England.
EAST INDIA COMPANY AND WAR OF INDEPENDENCE
EAST INDIA COMPANY/BRITISH EMPIRE
The Judicial system of the British was costly, mechanical and involved much time. The rich also dislike this system because they could be brought to trial even by the appeals of a common man. Revenue system was also main cause of war of independence. The British disqualified the Indians from all high civil and military jobs, the vacant posts were kept reserved for the Britishers. Political causes East India Company annexed many states with their government, they were supported by the England. The Muslims were not happy with the British rulers. Their feelings were that they are aliens. Hundreds of years Muslim ruled over South Asia, therefore Muslims were not happy to see them as their masters. Political Causes Doctrine of lapse (Lord Dalhousie’s policy) made the Indian rulers angry and insecure. No participation in elected bodies: especially Muslims were deprived and also ignored regarding political affairs, that’s why all the state holders joined hands with Bahadur Shah Zaffar Military Causes The soldiers were paid very low salaries. In 1856, the British government introduced the Enfield Rifle with a paper cartridge covered in grease to keep the powder dry. Before the cartridge could be loaded, the end had to be bitten off. However, it was rumored that the grease on the cartridge was made from the fat of both cows and pigs. THE OUT BURST On 9th May 1857, on the parade ground of Meerut, 85 Indian troopers were court martialed. Their Crime: These troopers had refused to load their rifles with the new cartridges. Outcome The revolt was completely suppressed and crushed by July 1858. CAUSES OF FAILURE OF THE REVOLT The revolt was localized and was poorly organized. The British had better resources than the rebels. The revolt was feudal in character. The leaders lacked military skills. The native princes did not joined the revolt. IMPACT OF THE REVOLT The revolt was considered to be an awakener and the first effort towards the freedom and independence. The British just considered it to be an ordinary military revolt. The control of Indian administration was transferred form the company to the crown by the Government of India Act 1858. IMPACT OF THE REVOLT
The Queen promised to respect Rights & dignity. General official pardon to all offenders except murders. The Indian army was re-organized. Included Sikhs, Gurkhas & Pathans. Cont.… The Mughal dynasty ended with the removal of Bahadur Shah II & was replaced by British Crown. Freedom of religion granted. As per Queen’s Proclamation, more Indians joined the administration. The British introduced the policy of Divide & Rule that led to the partition of India in 1947
EAST INDIA COMPANY & ESTABLISHMENT OF CONGRESS
PARTY
The Aligarh Movement The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to brutal punishment and merciless revenge. Contributions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1859 Established School at Muradabad. 1860 published Loyal Mohammadans of India. 1863 Established Victoria School at Ghazipur. 1864 Established Scientific Society at Ghazipur. 1870 he issued Tahzeb-ul-Ikhlaq (magazine). 1870 published Khutbat-e-Ahmaddia in reply to William Muir's book ‘Life of Mahomet’. 1872 Made Mohammadan College Committee. 1876 Retired from services. Contributions of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 1886 Established All India Mohammadan Educational Conference. 1883 established Mohammadan Association. 1887 he demanded from government that Darul-Tarjuma be established so that the authentic work could be translated into Urdu for the benefit of university students. 1893 established the Mohammadan Anglo Oriental Defence Association. 1898 27th March, died at Aligarah. IDEAS OF SIR SYED AHMED KHAN The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following: To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslims To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education To persuade Muslims to give up from agitational politics. ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS Historical prospects The British foresaw the situation resulting in another rebellion on the pattern of the War of Independence. To avoid such a situation, the British decided to provide an outlet to the local people where they could discuss
