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Software Testing Concepts and Techniques, Cheat Sheet of Software Engineering

Alexandria UniversitySoftware Engineering

A wide range of software testing concepts and techniques, including load testing, test coverage analysis, class testing, defect tracking, hybrid testing, white box testing, build verification testing, content testing, decision coverage, glass box testing, structural testing, user documentation testing, regression testing, smoke testing, test planning, test scripts, code walkthroughs, testing metrics, coverage-based analysis, and more. It provides a comprehensive overview of various testing methodologies, best practices, and challenges faced during the testing process. Likely to be useful for university students, software engineers, and quality assurance professionals who want to deepen their understanding of software testing principles and strategies.

Typology: Cheat Sheet

2022/2023

Uploaded on 01/21/2023

engyassen-hadhoud
engyassen-hadhoud 🇪🇬

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1. Load Testing Tools (Per. Testing)
a) reduces the time spent by the testers
b) reduces the resources spent (hardware)
c) mostly used in web testing
d) all of the above
2. Test coverage analysis is the process of (Testing concepts)
a) Creating additional test cases to increase coverage
b) Finding areas of program exercised by the test cases
c) Determining a quantitative measure of code coverage, which is a direct measure
of quality.
d) All of the above.
3. Critical in Web Testing (Testing concepts)
a) Performance and Functionality
b) Functionality and usability
c) Usability and Performance
d) None of the above
4. Class testing (Testing concepts)
a) require a driver to test
b) no need of instances of other classes
c) no need to test the transitions
d) All of the above.
5. Defect Tracking (Defect Mgmt)
a) is the communication channel between test team and development team
b) is the communication channel between testing team and the rest of the team
c) is the communication channel between the testing team and end users
d) all of the above
6. Essential Testing Skills are (Test Mgmt)
a) Test Planning, Risk Management, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect
Management
b) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management, Test
Measurement
c) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management
d) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management, Test case Design
7. Testing across different languages is called (Testing concepts)
a) Linguistic Testing
b) Localization Testing
c) Both a and b
d) None of the above.
8. Hierarchical System (Testing concepts)
a) several levels of component that includes objects and classes
b) several levels of component that includes objects, classes, systems
c) several levels of component that includes, foundation components, systems
d) None of the above.
9. Hybrid Testing (Testing concepts)
a) combination of one or more testing techniques
b) Combination of top-down and bottom-up testing
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1. Load Testing Tools (Per. Testing) a) reduces the time spent by the testers b) reduces the resources spent (hardware) c) mostly used in web testing **d) all of the above

  1. Test coverage analysis is the process of (Testing concepts) a) Creating additional test cases to increase coverage** b) Finding areas of program exercised by the test cases c) Determining a quantitative measure of code coverage, which is a direct measure of quality. d) All of the above. 3. Critical in Web Testing (Testing concepts) a) Performance and Functionality b) Functionality and usability c) Usability and Performance d) None of the above 4. Class testing (Testing concepts) a) require a driver to test b) no need of instances of other classes c) no need to test the transitions d) All of the above. 5. Defect Tracking (Defect Mgmt) a) is the communication channel between test team and development team b) is the communication channel between testing team and the rest of the team c) is the communication channel between the testing team and end users **d) all of the above
  2. Essential Testing Skills are (Test Mgmt)** a) Test Planning, Risk Management, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management b) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management, Test Measurement c) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management d) Test Planning, Tool Usage, Test Execution, Defect Management, Test case Design 7. Testing across different languages is called (Testing concepts) a) Linguistic Testing b) Localization Testing c) Both a and b d) None of the above. 8. Hierarchical System (Testing concepts) a) several levels of component that includes objects and classes b) several levels of component that includes objects, classes, systems c) several levels of component that includes, foundation components, systems **d) None of the above.
  3. Hybrid Testing (Testing concepts)** a) combination of one or more testing techniques b) Combination of top-down and bottom-up testing

c) Both a and b d) None of the above.

10. White Box Testing (Testing concepts) a) same as glass box testing b) same as clear box testing c) both a and b d) None of the above. 11. Build Verification Test (Testing concepts) a) same as smoke test b) done after each build to make sure that the build doesn’t contain major errors c) both a and b d) None of the above. 12. Content Testing (Testing concepts) a) Similar to proof reading b) Widely used in web testing c) Part of usability Testing **d) All of the above

  1. Decision Coverage (Testing concepts)** a) testing the Boolean expressions which are not in control structures b) entire expression is considered as Boolean expression irrespective of logical-and and logical-or operators c) coverage except switch-statement cases, exception handlers d) All of the above. 14. Branch Coverage (Testing concepts) a) another name for decision coverage b) another name for all-edges coverage c) another name for basic path coverage **d) all the above
  2. The following example is a If (condition1 && (condition2 || function1 ())** statement1; Else statement2; (Testing concepts) a) Decision coverage b) Condition coverage c) Statement coverage d) Path Coverage 16. Test cases need to be written for (Testing Artifacts) a) invalid and unexpected conditions b) valid and expected conditions c) both a and b d) none of these 17. Desk Checking (Testing concepts) a) same as code walkthrough b) same as code inspection c) verification of code by the developers d) none of the above 18. Path coverage includes (Testing Artifacts) a) statement coverage b) condition coverage c) decision coverage d) none of these

b) Tests that reveal bugs in the program c) Customer reported bugs d) All of the above

29. Identify which one is an internal failure (Testing concepts) a) Delaying tester’s access to areas of the code b) Replacement with updated product c) Training programmers to make or miss fewer bugs d) Testing by Tech. Support 30. Identify which one is a load condition (Performance testing) a) Lost messages b) Task starts before its prerequisites are met. c) Lost or out of sync messages d) Early end of string 31. System testing team is responsible for (Test execution) a) Performing the data validations b) Performing the Usability Testing c) Performing the Beta Testing **d) None of the above

  1. Testing Process comprised of (Testing artifacts)** a) Test Plan and Test Cases b) Test log and Test Status c) Defect Tracking **d) All of the above
  2. Localization Testing (Test execution)** a) Testing performed for local functions b) Testing across different languages c) Testing across different locations d) None of the above 34. Object Oriented Testing (Test execution) a) Same as Top-Down Testing b) Same as Bottom – Up Testing c) Same as Hybrid Testing **d) All of the above
  3. Smoke Testing (Testing concepts)** a) To find whether the hardware burns out b) Same as build verification test c) To find that software is stable d) None of the above 36. Test Plan (test artifacts) a) Road map for testing b) Tells about the actual results and expected results c) Both a and b d) None of the above 37. Test Script (Test execution) a) Written version of test cases. b) Code used in manual testing c) Always Used when we use tools **d) A code segment to replace the test case
  4. Test Procedure (Testing artifacts)** a) collection of test plans b) combination of test plan and test cases c) collection of test cases d) none of the above

39. Code Walkthrough (Testing concepts) a) a type of dynamic testing b) type of static testing c) neither dynamic nor static d) performed by the testing team 40. Static Analysis (Testing concepts) a) same as static testing b) done by the developers c) both a and b d) none of the above 41. User Acceptance Testing (Testing concepts) a) same as Alpha Testing b) same as Beta Testing c) combination of Alpha and Beta Testing d) none of the above 42. State which of the one is false (Performance testing) a) In performance testing, usage of tool is a must b) In database testing, database knowledge is a must. c) In Functional Testing, knowledge of business logic is a must **d) None of the above.

  1. State which one is true. Collection of testing metrics contributes (Test Mgmt) a) in the improvement of testing** b) Affects tester’s growth. c) Used against a developer d) none 44. Random Testing (K) a (Testing concepts) a) Program is tested randomly sampling the input. b) A black-box testing technique c) Both a and b d) None of the above. 45. Error seeding (Testing concepts) a) Evaluates the thoroughness with which a computer program is tested by purposely inserting errors into a supposedly correct program. b) Errors inserted by the developers intentionally to make the system malfunctioning. c) Neither a or b d) Both a and b 46. Metrics collected during testing includes (Quality) a) System test cases planned/executed/passed b) Discrepancies reported/resolved c) Staff hours **d) All of the above
  2. Manual Testing (Test execution)** a) at least performed one time b) need to be executed before going for automation c) both a and b d) neither a or b 48. What is the use of Affinity Diagram? (Test Mgmt)

d) The most traditional means for analyzing a system or a program

56. Which of the following best describes the difference between clear box and opaque box? (Testing concepts)

  1. Clear box is structural testing, opaque box is functional testing
  2. Clear box is done by tester, and opaque box is done by developer
  3. Ad-hoc testing is a type of opaque box testing a) 1 only b) 1 and 3 c) 2 d) 3 57. How do you test a module for integration? (Test execution) a) Big bang approach b) Pareto analysis c) Cause and Effect diagram d) Scatter diagram 58. 80:20 rules can also be called as (Quality) a) Fish bone diagram b) Pareto analysis c) Scatter diagram d) dHistogram 59. Suggest an alternative for requirement traceability matrix (Testing artifacts) a) Test Coverage matrix b) Average defect aging c) Test Effectiveness d) Error discovery rate
  4. What can be done to minimize the reoccurrence of defects (Defect Mgmt) a) Defect Prevention plan b) Defect tracking c) Defect Management d) All of the above
  5. Review is one of the methods of V&V. The other methods are (Quality) a. Inspection b) b. Walkthrough c. Testing d. All of the above
  6. What needs to be done when there is an insufficient time for testing (Test Mgmt)
  1. Do Ad-hoc testing
  2. Do usability testing
  3. Do sanity testing
  4. Do a risk based analysis to prioritize a) 1 and 2 b) 3 & 4 c) All of the above d) None of the above
  1. What is the scenario in which automation testing can be done: (Automation) Application is stable Usability testing is to be done The project is short term Long term project having numerous releases a) 1 b) 1 & 4

c) 1 & 2 d) 2 & 3

  1. Choose the best match for cyclomatic complexity (Test Execution) a) The number of decision statements plus one. b) A set of Boolean conditions such that complete test sets for the conditions uncover the same errors c) The process of analyzing and correcting syntactic logic and other errors identified during testing d) None of the above
  2. According to Crosby, it is less costly to (Quality) a) let the customer find the defects b) detect defects than to prevent them c) prevent defects than to detect them d) ignore minor defects
  3. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be used during software maintenance? (Test Mgmt) a) Project management plan. b) Customer support hot line. c) Software problem reports. d) Change control board.
  4. Which of the following reviews are required in order to ensure proper tracking of software between phases of a project? (Test Mgmt)
  5. Product feasibility
  6. Software requirements
  7. Software design
  8. Acceptance test a) I and II only b) II and III only c) I, II, and III only d) II, III, and IV only 68 .How can it be known when to stop testing? (Test Execution) a) When no more bugs can be found b) When the time allocated is over c) When the quality goals set up for testing have been achieved **d) All of the above
  9. What can be done if requirements are changing continuously? (Test Mgmt)** a) Work with the project's stakeholders early on to understand how requirements might change so that alternate test plans and strategies can be worked out in advance, if possible. b) Negotiate to allow only easily-implemented new requirements into the project, while moving more difficult new requirements into future versions of the application c) Both a and b d) None of the above 70. The goal of software testing is to (Testing concepts) a) Debug the system b) Validate that the system behaves as expected

b) Budget, Number of qualified test resources c) Budget, Number of qualified test resources, Test environment d) None of the above Cost of quality is (Quality) a) Prevention costs b) Appraisal costs c) Failure costs d) All of the above Which of the following metrics involves defects reported by client? (Quality) a) Test efficiency b) Test effectiveness c) Test Coverage d) None of the above Security concerns are important for which type of applications (Test Execution) a) A product advertisement website b) A requirements tracking database c) An e-commerce web site d) An employment application Testing responsibilities: (Test Execution) Tester 1 – Verify that the program is able to display images clearly on all 10 of the monitors in the lab Tester 2 - Make sure the programs instructions are easy to use Security concerns are important for which type of applications Tester 3 – Verify that the calculation module works correctly by using both scripts and ad hoc testing. Which term is used to refer to the testing that is performed by Tester 3 in the above scenario? a) Unit testing b) Algorithm specific testing c) Compatibility testing d) Black box testing As a tester, what is your main objective in reviewing a requirement document? (Testing artifacts) a) To ascertain that each requirement is traceable to a business need b) To ascertain that each requirement is both testable and uniquely identifiable c) To ascertain that each requirement is traceable to a business need, testable, and uniquely identifiable d) To ascertain that each requirement is uniquely identifiable What is the common limitation of automated testing? (Automation) a) They are not useful for performance testing b) They cannot be used for requirement validation c) It is very difficult for automated scripts to verify a wide range of application responses. d) They are not useful when requirements are changing frequently Formal testing guidelines suggest which one of the following as the correct source of functional test cases? (Testing concepts) a) The developer’s knowledge of what the software can do b) The software design c) The software requirements d) The tester’s knowledge of what the software should do e) The functional test procedures What is the concept of introducing a small change to the program and having the effects of that change show up in some test? (Testing concepts) a) Desk checking b) Debugging a program

c) A mutation error d) Performance testing e) Introducing mutations Test effort estimation uses which of the following techniques (Test Mgmt) a) Function point method b) Test case point method c) Use case point method d) All of the above What is the verification process in software development? (Quality) a) The probability that undesirable things will happen such as loss of human life or large financial losses b) The process of monitoring the software to ensure full compliance with established standards and procedures c) The process of trying to discover every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product d) The process of evaluating a system or component to determine whether or not the products of a given development phase satisfy the conditions imposed at the start of that phase e) The process of evaluating a system or component during or at the end of the sales process to determine whether or not it satisfies specified requirements From a testing perspective, what results in the clicking of a button? (Test Execution) a) An interface event b) A sound c) A text item d) A bio-metric event e) An internal processing event Test design mainly emphasizes all the following except (Testing artifacts) a) Data planning b) Test procedures planning c) Mapping the data and test cases d) Data synchronization Which type of testing is performed to test applications across different browsers and OS? (Testing concepts) a) Static testing b) Performance testing c) Compatibility testing d) Functional testing Which document helps you to track test coverage? (Testing concepts) a) Traceability Matrix b) Test plan c) Test log d) Test summary report Which type of test would you perform to accept a build (Test execution) a) Beta test b) Smoke test c) Functional test d) User acceptance test Detecting a defect at which of the following stage is most economical? (Quality) a) Design b) Build c) Testing d) Deployment

a) Risk based testing b) High level sanity testing c) Low level sanity testing d) Regression testing Regression testing mainly helps in (Test Execution) a) Retesting fixed defects b) Checking for side-effects of fixes c) Checking the core gaps d) Ensuring high level sanity Load testing emphasizes on performance under load while stress testing emphasizes on (Performance testing) a) Breaking load b) Performance under stress c) Performance under load d) There is no such difference, both are same Which of the following is not a form of performance testing? (Performance testing) a) Spike testing b) Volume testing c) Transaction testing d) Endurance testing Which of the following is not a type of test under phases in testing life cycle? (Testing concepts) a) Integration test b) Load test User Acceptance test b) Beta test Test efficiency is always directly proportional to (Quality) a) Product Delivery b) Functional Coverage c) Product Reliability d) Product Cost Per economics of testing – optimum test is suggested because (Test Execution) a) Number of defects decrease along with extent of testing b) Number of defects increase along with extent of testing c) Cost of testing increases with the extent of testing d) Cost of testing increases with the number of defects In a V-model of software testing, UAT plans are prepared during the (Test Execution) a) Analysis phase b) HLD phase c) LLD phase d) System Testing phase Verification performed without any executable code is referred to as (Testing concepts) a) Review b) Static testing c) Validation d) Sanity testing If Quality Control and Quality Assurance are compared (Quality) a) Both are literally the same b) QA is a higher activity in the management Hierarchy

c) QC is a higher activity in the management Hierarchy d) QA is done by the client and QC si done by the software vendor The extent of automation for a given project is generally guided by (Automation) a) Scope for automation b) Tool support c) Business Functionality d) Vendor’s skills Test data planning essentially includes (Testing artifacts) a) Network b) Operational Model c) Boundary value analysis d) Test Procedure Planning Which of the following is not a client side statistics in load testing? (Performance testing) a) Hits per second b) Throughput c) Cache hit ratio d) Transaction per second Feasibility study is more important before load testing (Performance testing) a) Web Applications b) Client-server applications c) Mainframe applications d) Citrix applications Which one of the following need not be part of the bug tracker? (Defect Mgmt) a) Bug identifier b) One line bug description c) Severity of the bug d) None of the above Which of the following approach needs to be taken if there are a large number of defects being found in the software? (Defect Mgmt)

  1. Try continuing testing and logging the critical defects.
  2. Immediately stop testing the product
  3. Inform the lead/Manager providing proper documentation
  4. Continue testing in the normal manner a) 1 and 3 b) 3 and 4 c) 2 only d) 3 only What if the application has functionality that wasn't in the requirements? (Test Mgmt) a) Ignore testing that functionality b) Continue to test the functionality and report the results c) Update the Project Manager with the details and the risk involved d) None of the above What are the key features to be concentrated upon when doing a testing for World Wide Web sites (Test Execution?) a) Interaction between html pages b) Performance on the client side c) Security aspects d) All of the above

The purpose of this event is to review the application user interface and other human factors of the application with the people who will be using the application. (Test execution) a) User Acceptance test b) Usability test c) Validation d) None of the above What is used to measure the characteristics of the documentation and code? (Quality) a) Process metrics b) Product metrics c) Software Quality metrics d) None of the above Use of an executable model to represent the behavior of an object is called (Testing concepts) a) Simulation b) Software item c) Software feature d) None of the above Benchmarking is (Quality) a) Comparing your company’s products services or processes against best practices or competitive practices to help define superior performance of a product service or support process. b) A quantitative measure of the current level of performance c) A test or analysis conducted after an application is moved into production d) None of the above Recovery testing is a system test that forces the software to fail and verifies that data recovery is properly performed. The following should be checked for correctness (Test Execution)

  1. Re-initialization
  2. Restart
  3. Data Recovery
  4. Check Point Mechanism a) 1 and 2 b) 1, 2 and 3 c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 d) 2 and 4 UAT is different from other testing types normally because of (Testing concepts) a) Data b) Cycles c) Defects d) None of the above Alpha testing is differentiated from Beta testing by (Testing concepts) a) The location where the tests are conducted. b) The types of test conducted c) The people doing the testing d) The degree to which white box techniques are used 136. What is the need for test planning (test planning process) a. to utilize a balance of testing techniques b. to understand testing process c. to collect metrics d. to perform ad hoc testing.

137. Which of the following is NOT a part of Test plan document? (Test planning process) a. assumptions b. communication approach c. risk analysis **d. status report

  1. Which part of Test plan will define “what will and will not be covered in the test”? (Test planning process) a. test scope** b. test objective c. both a & b d. none of the above 139. Test objective is simply a testing (test planning process) a. direction b. vision c. mission **d. goal
  2. Which out of the below is NOT a concern for testers to complete a test plan (test planning process)** a. not enough training b. lack of test tools c. enough time for testing d. rapid change 141. The effort taken to create a test plan should be (test planning process) a. half of the total test effort b. one-third of the total test efforts c. two times of the total test effort d. one-fifth of the total test effort 142. What do you mean by “Having to say NO” (test planning process) a. No, the problem is not with testers b. No, the software is not ready for production c. Both a & b d. none of the above 143. Tools like change Man, Clear case are used as (test planning process) a. functional automation tools b. performance testing tools c. configuration management tools d. none of the above. 144. In Life cycle approach to testing, test execution occurs (Performing Test) a. during testing phase b. during requirement phase c. during coding phase **d. none of the above.
  3. Who is responsible for conducting test readiness review? (Performing Test) a. Test manager** b. Test engineer c. both A & B d. Project Manager

a. statement, criteria, effect and cause b. priority, fix, schedule and report c. statement, fix effect and report d. none of the above.

156. Which is not the Phase of SDLC? (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Initiation Phase b) Definition Phase c) Planning Phase d) Programming and Training Phase 157. Comparison of the expected benefit versus the cost of the solution is done in which phase of SDLC (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Definition Phase b) Design Phase c) Initiation Phase d) Implementation Phase 158. Who is policy/oversight participant in SDLC? (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Project Manager b) Contracting Officer c) Information Technology Manger **d) Information Resources Management official

  1. Who reviews proposed procurement for sufficiency in the acquisition and installation of the Off-the-Self Software? (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Sponsor / User** b) Project Manager c) IT Manger d) All of the Above 160. “V” testing process is (Tester’s Role SDLC) a. System development process and system test process begins b. Testing starts after coding is done c. Do procedures are followed by Check procedures d. Testing starts after the prototype is done 161. Validation is (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Execute test b) Review code c) Desk check d) Audit 162. Which is not in sequence in 11 Step Software Testing process (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Assess development plan and status b) Develop the test plan c) Test software design d) Test software requirement
  2. Structural testing is (Tester’s Role SDLC) a) Requirements are properly satisfied by the application b) Uncover errors during “Coding” of the program c) Functions works properly d) To test how the business requirements are implemented. 164. Functional testing is (Tester’s Role SDLC) a. Path testing b. Technology has been used properly c. Uncover errors that occur in implementing requirements.

d. Uncover errors in program unit.

165. Structural testing is NOT (Tester’s Role SDLC) a. Installation testing b. Stress testing c. Recovery testing d. Compliance testing 166. Stress testing transaction can be obtained from (Tester’s Role SDLC) a. Test data generators b. Test transactions created by the test group c. Transactions previously processed in the production environment **d. All of the above.

  1. Who will assess vulnerability in the system (Tester’s Role SDLC)
  2. Internal Control Officer**
  3. System Security Officer
  4. QA Engineer
  5. Test Manager 168. What is the structure testing process (Tester’s Role SDLC) a. Parallel b. Regression c. Stress d. Intersystem 169. What is Risk analysis? (Risk Analysis) a. Evaluating risks b. Evaluating Controls c. Evaluating vulnerabilities **d. All of the above
  6. Major component of Risk Analysis are (Risk Analysis)** a. The probability that the negative event will occur b. The potential loss is very high c. The potential loss or impact associated with the event. **d. A and C.
  7. Method of conducting Risk Analysis is (Risk Analysis)** a. User your judgment b. User your instinct c. Cost of failure **d. All of the above
  8. Which is not Testing Risk? (Risk Analysis)** a. Budget b. Number of qualified test resources c. Sequence and increments of code delivery **d. Inadequately tested applications
  9. If abnormal termination type X occurs 100 times per year and the loss per occurrence is $500, then the loss associated with the risk is $50,000. What methods** of measuring the magnitude of risk I am using? (Risk Analysis) a. Judgment b. Annual loss expectation estimation c. Risk Formula d. Consensus 174. What is Cascading error? (Risk Analysis) a. Unrelated errors b. Triggers a second unrelated error in another part