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CHEMISTRY

CLASS-12™

N f 90 ow TlO (I$ Q@ homogeneous mixture of 400 ov more

+nom foo substance?

SOLUTE, resent im less amouut e page Seles SOLVENT present on large qmourk. — water + SUA2Y BINARY SOLUTION Goivert G solute

Prepared

ly to component .

Brass» CutZn , German Silvey

Gat 2utn¢, pene aad Ci Table 2.1: Types of Solutions Type of Solution Solute Solvent Cores reta tess ope-beeh Cory | Gaseous Solutions Gas Gas Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases Liquid Gas Chloroform mixed with nitrogen gas Solid Gas Camphor in nitrogen gas Liquid Solutions Gas Liquid Oxygen dissolved in water Liquid Liquid Ethanol dissolved in water Solid Liquid Glucose dissolved in water Solid Solutions Gas Solid Solution of hydrogen in palladium Liquid Solid Amalgam of mercury with sodium Solid Solid Copper dissolved in gold DILUTE SOLUTE ~ very drat auaeli hy of Solute ON CONCEN TERATED SOLUT voy laje quanhly 4 Suk

CONCENTERA

TION OF SOLUTION

Nh WW Mass Percentage C (> Mass 4 Q Component to the bex 400 pasts mass ai Soluh'on, mass / q A = Mass¢ A « Mass q Soluh'ou

Viluhion Law, MV, = MY,

Molayihy fox mixed soluhon, M= MV, +MY,

Vit,

Molality

Cm) umber

4 Moles

4 dolule per Ko

@ the

Solveut-

Molakity - no. ¢ molto 4 salute Uvut

• moll ke

Mass qd Solvent m Kilogram

Molabity - We, love Uig> Mass q solule

Mn

• wacy) Ma 7 Molay Mass 4 Solute

A Cg) — Mass ¢. golveut ng

> Moladity ty

independent of temperature.

Qe nen

solvent used

tn water,

LM Soluhon

vo more

Concenterated than 42 mola) doluhoy.

SOLOBILIT } |

ximum aq

hat

Gn be dissol Aolve dem pbera ture

lo tesmned

at

“FACTORS NG SOLUQRILITY 0

Qaseo whith

Can

be easily

Lauitied,are

soluble in

common dolvent,

] Solvent. gasea Which ave Ccapolle 4. {ovmi-

mM agueous doluhons ave much Move Soluble tw

than jn othey solvent.

[Temperaheeve ~ The solublUly ¢ gases im Liguid olecredse,

with increase

of temperatstre

• Pressure — The So lube ity 4 & gates fnereare usith Inereag

in pressure,

WENRY'S LAW :

“the parhod pressux Cp) ¢ the gas in

Vebour

phase

fb prporhone®

to the

moe

vachoul

ZX)

q the ge m the Aolution.”

b= Kyh

% Higher

ne velue 4 kn

ak given pressure,

the lowes 10

the Solubility 4 the gas im the Uquid

The value Y Ky decrearen with increase in the deurp,

Thus ,aquahe aspecivo ave more comportalle im Cold

Woley yather Han

warm vialer.

Far tied

bre ssune

q Solute

Mole fvachon im th golt

pplication chr rt 4. Soft drives And Soda waley

pressurve tp increase fh golubilihy,

° To

the painful

effect C bende)

accom pany

i

ressioh

4 aleep sea divers,

0, ailuted sith

[ess He gag bp used ay breathing gar:

o At

High altitudes, the

partad presruve 4

O, to fesy

than

thet al

the ground

level: Tris

leads to

low

Concentevahon 4 Ov tm the blood % climbers

Which cause

“ Qnoxia"

RR tnlevachan ta weaker thay “A2Q) Inlevachon to honger thay

intevachon 4 A-A and B- inkvachon 4 Aw and B-@

-obsesved

Vapor pressure » obsexved Vapour pressure

ave

realty Han Vv? ave lower than Y-? calcubated

codcudoued oy Moutls ay Raoulte flaw aw , b ba? ba Xa b< Pa xp Pa? be. Xr bas be. ¥e A Vwax 20 PN We 0 ¢ 0 1? ° form min LLM boiling eform Maximum boiling azeobobes azeohopes Mole A °% mole Kare Xp © — frachon Xgit Xg>° — frachow Xg-

@ -ve deviaton.

Ethavol

• Water CHC,
• CH, COCK? CS + Acebone. CH Cl,
• C.He CClyt He HO +H CCl ‘Tol ue Hit | “fol uene HO + HNO, ethanol
• Cyclohexane

CCiy

• CHC, methanol +atehe aud,

A wustuve of two liquide whlen

boils ak a pashiculay temperature ay Re a pure Lig wid

and olistile over m the Atme conposihion, formed by

non- ideal Soluhan :

MAX.

BOILING AZEOTROPES

MIN:

BOILING AZEOTROPES

formed

by those

Liquid

pairs

fFoxmed

kay those

Liquid

uahich

show

hegahve

deviahon

Pairs

Which Shou

positive

Lt

deviation.

Be hugher Han eter ¢ «Bm lower than alther

the Components .

+e component

a

NO ag.

F8Y

“d CHSOH

act

rho Goat

COLLIGATIVE

PROPERTY

by perty vohtch

depends

upon

ol 4

Aolule

=

amount

q.

dolwe

, do ewe

upon

Gq solute

OY

bolve

— Relative Vabouy uve

Do

aN

hm

Freeung

po

Pressure

yon nolakle

solute

iy added

to kalvenrt

yap pay

e

pressure

Dolvent

decreases.

b,

—Ps

_

a

B&

P

= Ke

Mole

frachon

bh

So lube

G relative

lowen ng

?

mw NP

cecleoE Free ung pone @

a biq,wd

0 the tem

a+ vonich vabouy

b¥eccure

4, the Solvent

tn ites Uiquid

and solid phase

becomea

‘ , | a

a & Le

/ = ie

Freeuin point debression

i the clecrease im the

Freeung point ¢ a solvent

due

fo the presence

Won- Volahile

solute

par hcléy,

o” Celcius -$* Celcius

Experimen

tally

tt has been

AY. = Tf-Ty

Observed

depression

tm tpt

lo Airecky proporhonal tb Tt

molal cone. &

Ale xm Fant g

Ate Kem ~

L *

Mola? cebression =

cow tare “T

Ate

= Ke x Way

[se

%

OF

rer

Ma wall

7

a

KpxwgX 1000

At

yn

Cg)

Q, lene glycol

v's usually added to Waller in

waidlator

fo lower Jit freevng botnl. rt b called aa — nll

’y Common

sadtC Nace)

and

anhyclroucs

Cath,

are

used to

cleay Anow

on

he yoade

hecause

they

depsess the fpr 4 wales

OSMOSIS ,,

it ia the phenomenon 4 Spontanedus stow of

Aolvent qmoleculee typnugn @ “Aen pesmeable membrane

from

joure Solvent dolukion to

conenlewted solution.

SEMI PERMEABLE MEMBRANE

membrane,

uorich

allow

only

solvent

molecules

to bass

trough.

Cr

NATURAL

Cp

ARTIFICIAL

Qvimal bladder,

cell membrane

Cu,

[FECCN), ) ,

uric doenit

wor ‘iw non Aqueous soluhou as

it Missoly@o ‘mw them,

OSMOTIC

PRESSURE

:

|

ae

reSsu ve 16a On Adluhou to

Slop Osmost $ , io called

Ogmohc prescuse

tee

develed

by

9 ox Tl:

Oswohe

Preccuxe

(1)

K

T

-O

Tx €

fomD

& &}

W

= RKCKT

@ >

Gas Constant

hs

RETKWEA

y[

Ma

vCm)

My

C RKXTK

We K[

ae

Ww wé CM)

Colligative Property and Van't Hoff factor

Alb =

L Kom

1 for

Shong

elecholyle

Uke

AT. =

L Kem

KCl

=2, Na@=

2,

Mg SO

za

TY

= A

CRT

K, S

=

3

, Al,C

Pa-Ps J Lip

PA

NY

Degree of Dissociation

(x) and

Van't Hoff

facterCt

ih One molecule 4 a substance geb dissocated inko

N parhelea and X fp the degree q Aissociahon then

A — nb

Initially

imet_|lo

La

1-6 the

At eg. 4-%

ha

bs

Tetad n0-g

moles af

KX -A-

n-L

equi lt brium = 4-% +hot

Degree of

Association (ox) and Yan't

Hoff factor (i)

If pn molecules d a Substance A assactate to form Ay

and X jo the degwee 4 associahon,then

nA

—>

Ay

ef

ee

intially

4 mol

6

L=

1-&

<

At

equilibvum

_L-&

=

L

Tota)

vo.

4. rnoles

at

equil;

Ka

t-

= {-%

• x.

tL =

”

nw

Led

no associahon

ov

dassociahoy

L£>L

basheles

Undergoto

Arccoctahoy

ce

bart

cleo

undergoes

assocrahon