Download Spatial Analysis and Modeling and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
LA C188 GIS Final Exam Study Guide
What is a network? System of connected linear features through which resources or events flow What four things compose networks? Links, nodes, barriers, and shape-points What are links? conduits for resource flow What are nodes? link ends or connection points What are barriers? features which prevent/ slow movement What are shape-points? Points which provide curvature What are the three types of networks? straight-line, branching, circuit What are the two node types and what do they do? Stop/ transfer nodes which are places were resources can get on/off the network or transfer to other links like a bus stop Center nodes which are locations like houses and offices which attract/ produce resources Identify these three networks from the first image on my desktop Ranging from top to bottom, left to right they are straight-line, branching, and circuit
What are the three components of a datable of links?
- Link ID
- from node
- to node What is the main component of a datable of stops? Node ID What is the main component of a datable of centers? Node ID What is the main component of a "Turntable"? Node ID What are four ways of characterizing Networks? Uni vid Bi-directional Simple Conductivity (Gamma index to measure potential number of routes and Alpha Index to measure how many possible circuits rating from 0 to 1) Matrix Connectivity to measure the connectivity of each node Minimum Spanning Trees What is a visual example minimum spanning trees? See second desktop image What is a visual example of a multimodal network dataset? See third Desktop image Location models attempt to improve or optimize BLANK conditions by allocation of BLANK demand, supply What do the simplest location-allocation models do?
- encode supply and demand as points in space
- allocate demand points to the closest supply point for an optimal solution Location allocation models range from BLANK to BLANK
"Climate change, sea level rise and modeling storm surge impacts on road network infrastructure" is an example of what? How is an inundation created in this model? an applied example of a network analysis using liar data (DEM. and DSM) to create an inundation map which is combine with GIS Layers in a network analysis inundation created using DSM + water path What are three parameters that could be used in an polygon-to-polygon accessibility problem model? Emergency responders (fire stations, capacity of responders, and access from roadway is 500m), network characteristics (Service areas generated using design speeds), and inundation (is it flooded or not) What is the definition of spatial interpolation? Estimating the value of a variable of interest at an upsampled location based on the values measured at sampled locations Basically... you use data from other locations that you have to estimate the value of a near by location that you don't have data for Spatial interpolation assumes a field-based conceptual model space that a variable of interest BLANK over the study area Name some examples of possible variables of interest. Varies Continuously
Some examples are temperature, PH, elevation, soil type, vegetation type, geology, fire risk, erosion potential, and housing values What is interpolation useful? What are the four typical inputs to outputs of interpolation? points to points points to lines:contours (i.e. isolines) points to vector polygons points to raster grids What are four types of samples that can be used in interpolation? random, uniform, cluster, or adahomogeneous areaptive sampling which takes fewer samples in a What are the six main characteristics of interpolation methods? inexact, exact, local, global, deterministic, stochastic What is the difference between global and local interpolation methods? Global uses sample points to estimate values at other upsampled locations while local is at a smaller scale and estimates points based on neighboring points within a location What is the difference between exact and inexact interpolation estimators? exact has a swirly line and inexact takes the middle ground creating a straight line with a constant slope between the dots What is the difference between deterministic and stochastic (geostatistical) interpolation methods? deterministic is tased on a mathematical model and stochastic is based on a geostatistical model that incorporates random variation and accounts for spatial autocorrection so it is more accurate Fill in the cube for the six interpolation methods
What a spline functions based on? a set of polynomial functions What are splines good spatial interpolators for? gently varying surfaces like elevation, water tables, and pollution concentrations A polynomial cna have what three things? constants, variables, and exponents What is global polynomial interpolation (GPI) it is an interpolation method that fits a smooth surface, that is defined by a mathematical function called a polynomial, to the input sample points by gradually changing and capturing coarse-scale patter in the Tate conceptually GPI is like taking a piece of pater and fitting it in-between the tased points that raised to the height of a value What is Kriging an advanced geostatistical procedure that generates an estimated surface from a scattered set of points with z-values Kirging is based on 3 main components of the sample data: the spatial trend, spatial autocorrelation, and random variation BLANK is typically small at small lag distances and increases to plateau Semivariance Kriging is modeled using what for of visual representation (describe) Smivariogram showing semi variance on the y axis with the units m and lag distance on the x axis with the units m What is covariance as it pertains to KRiging
the scaled version of correlation which is larger as the distance between two locations si and sj are close to gather and gets smaller when those locations grow farther apart What are the three characteristics of a origins model (See display graph 9) nugget, still, range In theory BLANK methods should produce optimal interpolation BLANKS Kriging, weights What is a much more complex and nuanced process than the deterministic spatial interpolation method and is much more computationally intensive? Kriging What is the 1st law of geography and who said it? "Everything is related to everything else, but close things are more closely related" W.Tobler What is the main difference between discrete and continuous data? Discrete data doesn't allow intermediate values and continuous data does Notions of proximity can be effective in modeling what? the clustering of populations What is one example of a network consisting of polygons commonly referred to as Thiessen polygons or the Voroni diagram? a cellular network Data for a variable point density model is most commonly provided in what fashion? in grid formate BLANK BLANK is a primal method that satisfies the requirement that a circle drawn through the three nodes of a triangle will contain no other node See desktop for visual representation Delaunay Triangulationb
a) projecting geographic coordinates. b) linking known points on the map to known digital coordinates. c) logging meta data with the FGDC. d) linking known attributes on a map to its meta data fields. b) linking known points on the map to known digital coordinates. How was the National Elevation Data (NED) at the USGS National Map site gathered? a) Using Hyperspectral Sensors on the ER2. b) Selecting sample points form the 7.5 minute USGS Quad series. c) From the Space Shuttle's Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). d) By triangulating control points on the ground. c) From the Space Shuttle's Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). DataFrame properties defined as "Geographic Coordinate System" in ArcMap: a) represent the mathematical model used to store geographic coordinates. b) would display the geographic coordinates in longitude and latitude. c) would display the geographic coordinates as State Plane. d) would display the geographic coordinates as UTM.
b) would display the geographic coordinates in longitude and latitude. The Electromagnetic Spectrum is valuable in the generation of: a) beta waves. b) spatial resolution. c) alpha waves. d) unique signatures for land cover. d) unique signatures for land cover. What era are we in? The BIG DATA era What are three examples of recent advanced in resolution and dimension of remotely sensed geospatial data? changing sizes of pixels improvements in detail of Landscape via Pixels The increasing dimensions of data A UTM projection coordinate system uses a BLANK as a component during construction cylinder spheroid cone geoid Cylinder as a component during construction Normalizing census data allows one to interpret data variables relative to the universe in which they exists to obtain
d. vector data always represents surfaces b. absolute error in a raster data base can be altered by changing the cell size Which is a basic first order element in Image interpolation a. size b. shape c. tone d. texture c. tone The National Agriculture Imagery PRogram's NAIP near-infrared is distributed in: a. band 1 b. band 2 c. band 3 d. band 4 d. band 4 The Layout view in ArcMap refers to: a. the virtual page where ArcToolbox is launched b. the toolbar menus c. the virtual page where map elements are arranged for printing d. the data frame properties view c. the virtual page where map elements are arranged for printing Temperature data can best be classified as:
a. nominal data b. ordinal data c. interval data d. ratio data d. ratio data A spatial join affixes data from one feature layer's attribute table to another: a. from a spatial perspective b. from a quad tree embedded perspective c. from a topographical surface perspective d. from a risky table top transaction a. from a spatial perspective Which is not a high resolution commercial Earth-imaging satellite: a. Ikonos b. Blackbird c. Quickbird d. GeoEye b. Blackbird Topology is the mathematical method used to: a. generate boundaries b. characterize objects c. define surfaces d. define spatial relationships
b. its placement in the real world is unknown c. it has no projection defined d. its datum is NAD a. its projection and datum are defined TODALS is an acronym for... Title Orientation Data Author Legend Source A raster data model is optimal for: a. modeling on the Island of Jamaica b. modeling in a topically constrained network c. undertaking grid based modeling d. analyzing data from a high altitude c. undertaking grid based modeling The Public Land Survey System is: a. it is critical in defining the spatial resolution of an image b. a coordinate system owned by the Federal government c. a distance calculating system d. a method of defining parcel by successive subdivision d. a method of defining parcel by successive subdivision
A raster spatial data model is optimal for: a. representing ortho rectified imagery b. representing districts in a city centerrs c. representing census block data d. representing a transportation network a. representing ortho rectified imagery
