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Understanding Speciation and Evolution: Divergent vs. Convergent Processes, Study notes of Biology

Biology

An overview of speciation, the process by which populations evolve into distinct species. It discusses the differences between divergent and convergent evolution, with examples of each. The document also touches upon adaptive radiation and extinction.

Typology: Study notes

2020/2021

Uploaded on 08/26/2021

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Speciation
1. What is meant by the term ๎˜ speciation ?
Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct
species.
2. Describe ๎˜ how a new species evolve.
Phyletic evolution occurs when a population of a species progressively changes over time to
become a new species. Branching evolution or divergent evolution is more common; in this
case, a population is divided into two or more new populations that are prevented from
interbreeding.
3. Distinguish ๎˜ between (a) divergent evolution and (b) convergent evolution.
Divergent evolution is a type of evolution in which new species evolve from a shared
ancestral species. In divergent evolution, different selection pressures lead to the selection of
different variations in evolution from a common ancestor. Convergent evolution is the
opposite. Convergent evolution is the result of similar selection pressures in the environment
selecting for similar features or adaptations.
4. Describe ๎˜ an example of divergent evolution.
A flock of births migrating and settling to a new island. Over time, this group becomes more
adapted by developing new characteristics to enable them to survive in their new habitat.
Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has
diverged into two.
5. Outline ๎˜ the relationship between adaptive radiation and divergent evolution.
Adaptive radiation is said to have occurred when divergent evolution of one species has
resulted in the formation of many species that are adapted to a variety of environments.
6. Describe ๎˜ an example of adaptive radiation.
An example of adaptive radiation, beginning in the Paleogene Period (beginning 66 million
years ago), of basal mammalian stock into forms adapted to running, leaping, climbing,
swimming, and flying.
7. Identify ๎˜ examples of organisms that show convergent evolution.
An example of convergent evolution is the similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds,
pterosaurs, and bats. All four serve the same function and are similar in structure, but each
evolved independently.
Another example is how both bats and dolphins travel around using sound.
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Speciation

  1. What is meant by the term speciation? Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species.
  2. Describe how a new species evolve. Phyletic evolution occurs when a population of a species progressively changes over time to become a new species. Branching evolution or divergent evolution is more common; in this case, a population is divided into two or more new populations that are prevented from interbreeding.
  3. Distinguish between (a) divergent evolution and (b) convergent evolution. Divergent evolution is a type of evolution in which new species evolve from a shared ancestral species. In divergent evolution, different selection pressures lead to the selection of different variations in evolution from a common ancestor. Convergent evolution is the opposite. Convergent evolution is the result of similar selection pressures in the environment selecting for similar features or adaptations.
  4. Describe an example of divergent evolution. A flock of births migrating and settling to a new island. Over time, this group becomes more adapted by developing new characteristics to enable them to survive in their new habitat. Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has diverged into two.
  5. Outline the relationship between adaptive radiation and divergent evolution. Adaptive radiation is said to have occurred when divergent evolution of one species has resulted in the formation of many species that are adapted to a variety of environments.
  6. Describe an example of adaptive radiation. An example of adaptive radiation, beginning in the Paleogene Period (beginning 66 million years ago), of basal mammalian stock into forms adapted to running, leaping, climbing, swimming, and flying.
  7. Identify examples of organisms that show convergent evolution. An example of convergent evolution is the similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats. All four serve the same function and are similar in structure, but each evolved independently. Another example is how both bats and dolphins travel around using sound.
  1. What is meant by the term extinction? Extinction is the loss or disappearance of a species on Earth. Think and Analyse
  2. The figures above show two species of North American hares that are closely related and share a common ancestor. The snowshoe hare, Lepus americanus , lives in northern parts of North America where it snows in winter. The black-tailed jack rabbit, Lepus californium , lives in the desert areas. A. Identify differences between these hares. The colour and amount of their fur on their bodies, the size of their ears and the length of their front legs. B. Suggest reasons for these differences. Due to the environment, they are in, they have evolved to fit the circumstances in that environment that they are living in to help them better survive. C. Suggest how these differences came about. The change of colour of the fur is due to the climate of the environment that they are living in, the colder environment has a white coat of fur while the warmer environment has a dark colour of fur. The rabbit with the dark coat has longer legs, this could be due to the landscape of the environment that they live in, and it allows them to travel around the rocks faster and with mor ease. D. Is this an example of convergent or divergent evolution? Explain. This is an example of divergent evolution because they are from the same ancestor species, but they went to different environments and evolved ending up becoming 2 separate species.