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STARTING OUT WITH PYTHON 6
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROBLEM SOLVING
โ Logic Error. Answer: An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended. It does not prevent the program from running, but causes it to produce incorrect results. Mathematical mistakes are common causes of logic errors. โ debugging. Answer: Finding and fixing problems in your algorithm or program. โ algorithm. Answer: a set of well-defined logical steps that must be taken to perform a task. โ pseudocode. Answer: Shorthand notation for programming which uses a combination of informal programming structures and verbal descriptions of code. โ Flowcharts. Answer: A graphical representation of the steps in a process; details all of the elements in a process and the sequence in
which these elements occur. This a tool that programmers use to design programs โ terminal symbols. Answer: The ovals that appear at the top and bottom of the flowchart. The start terminal marks the starting point, and the End terminal marks the program's ending point. โ input symbol. Answer: indicates an input operation and is represented by a parallelogram in flowcharts โ output symbol. Answer: indicates an output operation and is represented by a parallelogram in flowcharts โ Processing Symbols:. Answer: represent steps in which the program performs some process on data, such as a mathematical calculation. (rectangle in a flow chart) โ programmer's customer. Answer: Any person, group, or organization that is asking you to write a program. โ software requirement. Answer: is simply a single task that the program must perform in order to satisfy the customer
โ string literal. Answer: When a string appears in the actual code of a program. โ single or double quotation marks. Answer: In Python, string literals must be enclosed in ________________________ โ double-quote marks. Answer: If you want a string literal to contain either a single-quote or apostrophe as part of the string, can can enclose the string literal in โ triple quotes. Answer: Python also allows you to enclose string literal in ________ __________, why? If the string contains both single- quote marks and double-quote marks. โ comments. Answer: short notes placed in different parts of a program, explaining how those parts of the program work. They are intended for any person reading a program's code, not the computer. โ # character. Answer: In Python you begin a comment with this character. When the interpreter sees it, it ignores everything from that character to the end of the line. โ end-line comment. Answer: a comment that appears at the end of a line of code
โ A variable. Answer: is a name that represents a value stored in the computer's memory. Programs use this to access and manipulate data that is stored in memory. โ references the value. Answer: When a variable represents a value in the computer's memory, we say that the variable _________. โ assignment statement. Answer: You use an ______________________ __________________ to create a variable and make it reference a piece of data. โ variable = expression. Answer: assignment statement is written in this general format โ assignment operator. Answer: The = sign is know as the
โ quotation marks. Answer: When you pass a variable as a argument to the print function, you do NOT enclose the variable name in ___________ _____________. โ In an assignment statement, the variable that is receiving the assignment must appear on the. Answer: left side of the = operator
โ int. Answer: In Python, when an integer is stored in memory, it is classified as this โ float. Answer: In python, when a real number is stored in memory, it is classified as this โ numeric literal. Answer: A number that is written into a program's code. โ You cannot write _________,___________,___________in numeric literals. Answer: currency symbols, spaces, or commas โ str. Answer: A Python data type that holds a string of characters. (used for storing strings in memory) โ variable. Answer: Keep in mind that in Python, a ___________ is just a name that refers to a piece of data When a program reads data from the keyboard, usually it stores that data in a ___________ so it can be used later by the program (same answer) โ nested function calls. Answer: where one function calls another
โ end. Answer: In a print statement, you can set the _____ argument to a space or empty string to stop the output from advancing to a new line. โ an algorithm allows ambiguity. Answer: Which of the following is not true? An algorithm, when carried out, must eventually stop An algorithm allows ambiguity An algorithm, can be carried out by a human being โ logic. Answer: The purpose of testing a program with different combinations of data is to expose run-time and ____ errors. โ String constant. Answer: a specific group of characters enclosed within quotation marks โ empty string. Answer: A string value that has no characters, represented in code as "". โ variable. Answer: A location in memory used for storing data and given a name in a computer program is called a _________ because the data in the location can be changed.
โ whole number. Answer: A numeric literal that is written as a _____________ ______________ with no decimal point is considered an int โ decimal point. Answer: A numeric literal that is written as a ______________ _____________ is considered a float โ input function. Answer: reads a piece of data that has been entered at the keyboard and returns that piece of data, as a string, back to the program - you normally us this function in an assignment statement โ prompt. Answer: In the general format, _____________ is a string that is displayed on the screen. โ exception. Answer: an unexpected error that occurs while a program is running, causing the program to halt if the error is not properly dealth with. โ math operators. Answer: a programmer's tools for performing calculations โ +. Answer: Python addition operator that adds two numbers
โ _. Answer: Python subtraction operator that subtracts one number from another โ *. Answer: Python multiplication operator that multiplies on number by another โ /. Answer: Python division operator that divides on number by another and gives the result as a floating-point number โ //. Answer: Python Integer division operator that divides one number by another and gives the result as a whole number โ %. Answer: Python remainder operator that divides one number by another and gives the remainder โ **. Answer: Python exponent operator that raises a number to a power โ operands. Answer: values that the + operator add together โ mixed-type expression. Answer: An expression that contains operands of different data types; also called mixed mode expression
ie: OneTwoThree โ sep=''. Answer: You can also tell this special argument to specify a character other than a space to separate multiple items ie: OneTwo*Three (you can use any character) โ escape character. Answer: is a special character that is preceded with a backslash ( \ ), appearing inside a string literal, for example: \n โ \n. Answer: newline escape character in Python โ \t. Answer: This escape character advances the output to the next horizontal tab position (A tab position normally appears after every eighth character) โ '. Answer: Causes a single quotation mark to be printed in Python ie: print('I'm ready to begin')
print("I'm ready to begin") both work in Python โ ''. Answer: Causes a double quotation mark to be printed in Python ie: print("Your assignment is to read "Hamlet" by tomorrow.")
- instead of print('Your assignment is to read"Hamlet" by tomorrow.') both work in Python โ \. Answer: Causes a backslash character to be printed; in Python ie: print('The path is C:\temp\data.') required when you want to print a backslash; a single one will not work in Python. โ string concatenation. Answer: This means that when using the plus sign + between string; itappeand one string to another ie: print('This is ' + 'one string.') will print:
ie: print(format(12345.6789, '.2e')) will print: 1.23e+ โ Format specifier Minimum Field Width. Answer: the minimum number of spaces that should be allowed to display the value ie: print('The number is, format(12345.6789, '12.2f)) The number is 12,345. This is for 12 spaces with 2 decimal points; this is for when numbers need to be printed in columns; it will be right justified (their decimal points will be aligned. โ Formatting a Floating-Point Number as a Percentage. Answer: Instead of using f as the type designator , use the % symbol โ Named Constant. Answer: is a name that represents a value that cannot be changed during the program's execution. โ use d as the type designator. Answer: How do you use the format function to format integers? They are written in all upper case. Used with magic numbers.
โ magic number. Answer: is an unexplained value that appears in the program's code ie: amount = balance * 0. โ
