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Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium GIZMOS: Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinb, Exams of Nursing

Harvard UniversityNursing

Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium GIZMOS: Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium>Questions and Answers latest updates already graded. Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equation, Hardy-Weinberg principle, heterozygous, homozygous, incompletely dominant, Punnett square Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) A bird’s feather color is controlled by two alleles, D (dark feathers) and d (lighter feathers). Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and dd) offspring would you expect to find? Gizmo Warm-up Many factors—immigration, natural selection, hunting, etc.—can influe

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Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium GIZMOS:
Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium>Questions and
Answers latest updates already graded.
Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equation, Hardy-Weinberg principle, heterozygous,
homozygous, incompletely dominant, Punnett square
Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
A bird’s feather color is controlled by two alleles, D (dark feathers) and d (lighter feathers). Suppose two Dd
birds mate. What percentages of DD, Dd, and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at
right to help determine your answer.
In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous (Dd) to homozygous (DD and dd) offspring would you expect to
find?
Gizmo Warm-up
Many factors—immigration, natural selection, hunting, etc.—can influence the composition of a population.
To determine if one of these factors is affecting a population, it is useful to know what a population looks like
when none of these factors is present.
In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently discovered the laws that govern such
populations. These laws can be explored in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Gizmo™.
The parrots you see represent a population of 500 parrots. For these parrots, the Dallele is
incompletely dominant over d, which means that Dd parrots are intermediate between DD and dd
parrots. In the Gizmo, select the TABLE tab. How many parrots of each genotype are in the initial
population?
Return to the DESCRIPTION tab. Click Begin, and then click Breed. What happens?
Click Hatch, and look on the TABLE tab. What are the parrot populations now?
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Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium GIZMOS:

Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium>Questions and

Answers latest updates already graded.

Student Exploration: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Vocabulary: allele, genotype, Hardy-Weinberg equation, Hardy-Weinberg principle, heterozygous, homozygous, incompletely dominant, Punnett square Prior Knowledge Questions (Do these BEFORE using the Gizmo.) A bird’s feather color is controlled by two alleles , D (dark feathers) and d (lighter feathers). Suppose two Dd birds mate. What percentages of DD , Dd , and dd offspring would you predict? Use the Punnett square at right to help determine your answer. In this situation, what ratio of heterozygous ( Dd ) to homozygous ( DD and dd ) offspring would you expect to find? Gizmo Warm-up Many factors—immigration, natural selection, hunting, etc.—can influence the composition of a population. To determine if one of these factors is affecting a population, it is useful to know what a population looks like when none of these factors is present. In 1908, Godfrey Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg independently discovered the laws that govern such populations. These laws can be explored in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Gizmo™. The parrots you see represent a population of 500 parrots. For these parrots, the D allele is incompletely dominant over d , which means that Dd parrots are intermediate between DD and dd parrots. In the Gizmo, select the TABLE tab. How many parrots of each genotype are in the initial population? Return to the DESCRIPTION tab. Click Begin , and then click Breed. What happens? Click Hatch , and look on the TABLE tab. What are the parrot populations now?

Question: How will the proportion of genotypes and alleles change over time when mating is random, and no natural selection is occurring? Predict: How do you expect the proportions of D and d alleles to change over time? Gather data: Run a generation in the Gizmo. After clicking Hatch , fill in the allele and genotype percentages for generation 1. Repeat this process for 5 generations. Analyze: What patterns do you see in your data? Interpret: Select the ALLELE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? Interpret: Select the GENOTYPE GRAPH tab. What does this graph show? (Activity A continued on next page) Activity A (continued from previous page) Gather data: On the DESCRIPTION tab, click Reset. Set DD and dd to any values you like. Fill in the initial values in the table below, and then run the Gizmo for five generations. Record the allele and genotype percentages for each generation in the table below. Analyze: Do the patterns you noticed in the first experiment appear in the second? Explain. Draw conclusions: The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that the proportions of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain stable as long as the following criteria are satisfied: Mating is random. There is no immigration or emigration. No natural or artificial selection is occurring. There is no mutation. The population is relatively large. How well does the Hardy-Weinberg principle describe this population of parrots? Think and discuss: Would you say that this parrot population is evolving? Explain. Question: How do genotype percentages relate to allele percentages? Calculate: You can use the laws of probability to predict how many DD , Dd , and dd offspring will result from this parent population. What is the current percentage of D alleles in the population? What is the current percentage of d alleles in the population?

Check: If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genotype percentages will remain stable over time. Set DD to the value given in part D above and dd to 16%. Run several generations in the Gizmo. Do the genotype percentages remain relatively constant? Explain. Question: How can you determine if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? Manipulate: The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p^2 + 2 pq + q^2 = 1, where p = probability of D , q = probability of d , p^2 = probability of DD , 2 pq = probability of Dd , and q^2 = probability of dd. Look under Show Hardy-Weinberg quantities. Notice there are two terms: Dd • Dd and DD • dd. Rewrite each of these in terms of the variables p and q. The third line of the table is the ratio ( Dd • Dd ) / ( DD • dd ). Rewrite this ratio in terms of p and q , and then simplify the expression. Show your work. If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what would you expect to be the ratio of Dd • Dd / DD • dd ?. Experiment: With Dd set to 0%, the initial value of Dd • Dd / DD • dd is 0. Click Begin , Breed , and Hatch. Record the percentage of DD , Dd , dd , and Dd • Dd / DD • dd for 5 generations in the table below. Calculate: What is the mean value of Dd • Dd / DD • dd?

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