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Test bank Second Thoughts 7th Edition, Exams of Psychology

International Islamic University (IIU)Psychology

Test bank Second Thoughts 7th Edition

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 07/06/2024

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Second Thoughts, 7e
Introduction: The Sociological Perspective
Multiple Choice
1. Second Thoughts explains our resistance to the sociological perspective by citing
______.
A. our cultural emphasis on “me”
B. our preference for certain rather than probable answers
C. our innumeracy
D. All of these choices are correct.
Ans: D
2. Ruane and Cerulo attribute our resistance to the sociological eye to ______.
A. our culture’s “social” bias
B. our preference for “certain” over probable answers
C. the staid quality of social life
D. All of these choices are correct.
Ans: B
3. A major takeaway from the introduction is that conventional wisdom often fails us
because ______.
A. it is advice out of context
B. the situation giving rise to the advice may not be generalizable
C. the advice may not transcend specific circumstances or experiences
D. All of these choices are correct.
Ans: D
4. Sociologists are interested in learning more about ______.
A. social context
B. individual motives
C. social statics
D. All of these choices are correct.
Ans: A
5. Michael Moss talks about the “bliss point” of food which refers to ______.
A. the point when our eating washes away our troubles
B. the precise amount of sweetness that makes foods most appealing to us
C. the point when our brains signal happiness
D. None of these choices are correct.
Ans: B
6. According to Second Thoughts, which of the following account(s) for resisting the
sociological perspective?
A. our rejection of commonsense approaches to understanding
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Introduction: The Sociological Perspective

Multiple Choice

  1. Second Thoughts explains our resistance to the sociological perspective by citing ______. A. our cultural emphasis on “me” B. our preference for certain rather than probable answers C. our innumeracy D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D
  2. Ruane and Cerulo attribute our resistance to the sociological eye to ______. A. our culture’s “social” bias B. our preference for “certain” over probable answers C. the staid quality of social life D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: B
  3. A major takeaway from the introduction is that conventional wisdom often fails us because ______. A. it is advice out of context B. the situation giving rise to the advice may not be generalizable C. the advice may not transcend specific circumstances or experiences D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D
  4. Sociologists are interested in learning more about ______. A. social context B. individual motives C. social statics D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: A
  5. Michael Moss talks about the “bliss point” of food which refers to ______. A. the point when our eating washes away our troubles B. the precise amount of sweetness that makes foods most appealing to us C. the point when our brains signal happiness D. None of these choices are correct. Ans: B
  6. According to Second Thoughts , which of the following account(s) for resisting the sociological perspective? A. our rejection of commonsense approaches to understanding

B. our preference for the “me, me, me” focus C. our brains being hardwired to reject the social D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: B

  1. According to Second Thoughts , our current obesity crisis is in large measure due to ______. A. lack of individual self-discipline B. Earl Butz’ food policies C. a genetic disorder D. our love affair with the food network Ans: B
  2. According to Second Thoughts , our current obesity crisis is the result of ______. A. changes in school budgets and curriculum B. lifestyle changes that see more of us sedentary C. changes in food production policies dating back to the 1970s D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D
  3. A self-fulfilling prophecy refers to the process whereby ______. A. that which we think is true becomes true B. if we can imagine it, it is possible C. we see the “social” in everything D. we are what we eat Ans: A
  4. The maxim “If we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” is most consistent with ______. A. the structural functional paradigm B. the order paradigm C. the conflict paradigm D. a self-fulfilling prophecy Ans: D
  5. The sociological imagination refers to ______. A. the ability to think outside the box B. the ability to see the intersection between the personal, social, and historical C. creative problem-solving D. concept mapping Ans: B
  6. The sociological imagination ______. A. shows the influence of personal, historical, and social forces on our private lives B. allows individuals to look at life from a psychological perspective C. becomes less and less necessary as society becomes more technologically driven

A. one that has stood the test of time B. one that accurately documents the research concept C. a measure that is consistent over time D. a measure that is embraced by the public Ans: B

  1. In a word, reliable measures are ______. A. consistent B. valid C. accurate D. value-free Ans: A
  2. The term “survey” ______. A. is synonymous with the term experiments B. refers to any scientific data collection strategy C. is an appropriate synonym for “study” D. is a data collection strategy that relies on asking questions Ans: D
  3. A dyad is ______. A. a group characterized by division B. an oppositional group C. a two-person group D. any small group without a leader Ans: C
  4. The tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of one’s own is called ______. A. cultural relativism B. ethnocentrism C. egocentrism D. relativity Ans: B
  5. In the language of research, a population refers to ______. A. all citizens of the United States B. the total collection of elements under investigation C. a subset of the group we are studying D. our research topic Ans: B
  6. The ordering of survey questions can ______. A. distract respondents from information most relevant to their answers B. prime respondents to answer questions in a certain way C. preclude making the survey boring D. None of these choices are correct.

Ans: B

  1. Operationalization refers to ______. A. being out in the field B. ordering questions on a survey C. how a researcher defines and measures the concept or variable of interest D. None of these choices are correct. Ans: C True/False
  2. The ordering of survey questions can influence respondents’ answers. Ans: T
  3. According the Ruane and Cerulo, people’s attitudes about things like the Holocaust or euthanasia can be biased by the working of survey questions. Ans: T

Essay 2: Winning Is Everything

Multiple Choice

  1. According to the essay on competition, research finds that competition ______. A. leads to sophisticated and advanced thinking B. increases overall success rates in-group projects C. decreases prejudice D. is inferior to cooperation as a general strategy of action Ans: D
  2. Research on the “Prisoner’s Dilemma” shows that ______. A. Both players win when they cooperate. B. Most people choose to go the game alone. C. Both players win when they cooperate and most people choose to go the game alone. D. None of these choices are correct. Ans: C
  3. In their essay on “Winning Is Everything,” Ruane and Cerulo argue that ______. A. research consistently reveals that competition always enhances the quality of group interactions B. cooperation promotes higher individual achievement and group productivity C. prejudice actually declines under conditions of competition D. cooperation is a fixed action pattern
  1. Prejudice refers to ______. A. discriminatory behaviors toward minorities B. prejudgment of individuals because of their social statuses C. behavior void of thought D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: B
  2. Research indicates that in order to promote sophisticated thinking or reasoning, we should ______. A. encourage cooperation B. promote competition C. encourage “outside the box” thinking D. discourage dialectic reasoning Ans: A
  3. In dialectic thinking, individuals ______. A. consider contradictions and their solutions B. zero in on solutions as soon as possible C. maintain neutral positions and avoid decision making D. None of these choices are correct. Ans: A True/False
  4. In general, study findings indicate that cooperation tends to hurt performance outcomes. Ans: F

Essay 3: Children Are Our Most Precious Commodity

Multiple Choice

  1. The infant mortality rate ______. A. is very low in the United States B. is not considered an important indicator of how a society treats its children C. gauges the number of deaths per 1,000 live births for children under 1 year of age D. is typically lowest in developing nations Ans: C
  2. The U.S. infant mortality rate is on par with the rate found in ______. A. Chile B. Cuba

C. Canada D. Iceland Ans: A

  1. In their essay on children, Ruane and Cerulo argue that ______. A. U.S. infant mortality rates indicate a discrepancy between our “ideal” and “real” cultural values about children B. U.S. culture is remarkably consistent with regard to its views of and treatment of children C. high fertility rates in the United States are a clear indicator of the positive value we place on children D. the United States is the only industrialized nation of the world that has fertility rates above “replacement level” Ans: A
  2. According to the Second Thoughts essay on children ______. A. compared to other nations of the world, the United States has a very impressive record at fighting childhood poverty B. the United States spends more money than other OECD nations fighting childhood poverty C. in the US “group” portrait of the poor, more than one-third of the faces belong to children D. compared to other nations of the world, the United States has a very impressive record at fighting childhood poverty and the United States spends more money than other OECD nations fighting childhood poverty Ans: C
  3. Replacement-level fertility ______. A. is the level needed for a population to renew itself without growing B. becomes less important an issue as populations age C. is more of an academic issue than a real policy concern D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: A
  4. Technically, low-income families are ______. A. those found to be below the federal poverty level B. those above the federal poverty level but below that deemed necessary for meeting basic needs C. those utilizing TANF D. those that qualify for TANF Ans: B
  5. The U.S. birth rate ______. A. is significantly above replacement-level fertility B. is significantly below replacement-level fertility C. hovers around replacement-level fertility

A. children will outnumber all other age groups in the United States B. the 65+ age group will be larger than the U.S. child population C. the middle-aged segment of the population will be the largest segment D. the size of the U.S. population will be much smaller than it is today Ans: B

  1. The essay on children argues that ______. A. a society where the elderly population is larger than the youth population is socially untenable B. the ideal social structure will have an even proportion of all age groups C. our ideal culture’s valuing of children is misguided D. it is socially misguided to have ideal and real culture out of sync with each other Ans: A

Essay 4: Love Knows No Reason

Multiple Choice

  1. Research shows us that ______. A. Cupid’s arrow knows no geographical limits B. tends to follow the rules of homogamy C. appears to be ignorant of social structure D. always follows the path of greatest resistance Ans: B
  2. In essence, the principle of endogamy maintains that ______. A. “likes” marry “likes” B. opposites attract C. love typically trumps social structure D. marrying within groups is socially undesirable Ans: A
  3. In selecting friends, we tend to ______. A. befriend our social opposites B. befriend people who are similar to us C. befriend people who correct our flaws D. befriend those who make us shine Ans: B
  4. The norms of homogamy ______. A. influence marriage but not friendship patterns B. “rule” both marriage and friendship patterns C. are most frequently violated with regard to racial statuses D. are most frequently violated with regard to age statuses

Ans: B

  1. One’s socioeconomic status refers to one’s location with regard to ______. A. education B. occupation C. financial resources D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D
  2. Our most recent census data indicate that Americans are ______. A. most likely to violate norms of racial homogamy B. least likely to violate norms of racial homogamy C. totally ignore rules of homogamy with reference to educational status D. totally ignore rules of homogamy with reference to occupational status Ans: B
  3. Research has shown that our self-esteem is ______. A. remarkably resilient B. largely unaffected by our social environment C. genetically predetermined D. socially structured Ans: D
  4. Which of the following have been shown to influence self-esteem? A. positive feedback from colleagues B. working in an optimistic environment C. being a member of an upper economic class D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D True/False
  5. Social scientists studying love tell us that the brain in love is a combination of multiple systems working together, so it would be hard to isolate just one chemical that indicates a person is in love. Ans: T
  6. Those engaged in Internet dating do not favor someone in close geographic proximity to themselves. Ans: F
  7. In the United States, marriage is largely an endogamous affair. Ans: T

Ans: B

  1. Social strain ______. A. tends to disrupt the status quo B. is always detrimental to society C. tends to disrupt the equilibrium of the social structure D. tends to disrupt the status quo and tends to disrupt the equilibrium of the social structure Ans: D
  2. A police officer is obliged to arrest his own child. This situation is likely to result in ______. A. role strain B. role conflict C. loss of a master status D. role ambiguity Ans: B
  3. Role conflict refers to norm clashes ______. A. between different statuses B. within a status C. resulting from role strain D. between prescriptive and proscriptive norms Ans: A
  4. Which of the following can help to alleviate the effects of stress? A. a strong social support network B. relaxation techniques C. strong coping skills D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D True/False
  5. Social observers note that high stress levels may be the new “normal.” Ans: T

Essay 6: The “Golden Years” Are Tarnished Years

Multiple Choice

  1. In their essay on old age, Ruane and Cerulo argue that ______. A. the elderly function as a counterculture

B. the status “elderly” functions as a master status C. anticipatory socialization helps most individuals prepare for their old age D. poverty has been eradicated for all subsets of the elderly population Ans: B

  1. According to the Second Thoughts essay on aging, one of the benefits of aging is ______. A. an increasing sense of emotional regulation B. decreasing suicide rates for elderly White males C. decreasing familial obligations D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: A
  2. According to the Second Thoughts essay on aging, the elderly ______. A. enjoy more emotional regulation than younger age groups B. endure higher poverty rates than younger age groups C. are less civic-minded than other age groups D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: A
  3. Which of the following views of old age are accurate? A. The elderly enjoy less mental health than other age groups. B. The elderly tend to be isolated and lonely. C. The elderly are less likely to be civic-minded than other age groups. D. None of these choices are correct are true. Ans: D
  4. A master status ______. A. overrides or overpowers other social statuses B. is any negative social status C. is any lifelong status D. is our final status Ans: A
  5. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects employees aged what and over from age discrimination? A. 65 B. 50 C. 40 D. 60 Ans: C
  6. For the most part, the 50+ population ______. A. avoid the use of computer technology B. are socially isolated C. make frequent use of computers, laptops, and smartphones

A. Millennials who are still living at home B. individuals who are part of the “young old” age group C. middle-aged parents who are caring for their parents and their children D. children of “blended” families Ans: C

  1. Today, the typical caregiver is a ______. A. paid professional B. middle-aged working daughter C. son D. live-in nursing aid Ans: B
  2. Of those in the 65–75 age group, ______. A. a majority suffer from limitations in ADLs B. a majority suffer from limitations in IADLS C. a majority have no limitations in their activities of daily living D. a majority are living in nursing homes Ans: C
  3. As a historical phenomenon, old age ______. A. is a very old event B. was uncommon in preindustrial America C. has never been held in high regard D. has consistently been a rather large segment of the U.S. population Ans: B

Essay 7: What’s in a Name? That Which We Call a Rose by

Any Other Name Would Smell as Sweet

Multiple Choice

  1. Research indicates that names are ______. A. important symbols of identity B. important tools of boundary construction C. important tools of impression management D. All of these choices are correct. Ans: D
  2. Many individuals change their names in an attempt to modify or control public reactions. This refers to a process known as ______. A. boundary construction B. impression management C. postmodernism

D. identity fusion Ans: B

  1. The Thomas theorem maintains that ______. A. everyone will rise to their level of incompetence B. extreme performances will be followed by more average performances C. if you define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences D. over time, married couples tend to grow more similar to each other Ans: C
  2. In their essay on naming, Ruane and Cerulo make the point that ______. A. names can be important tools of impression management B. personal names have little influence on social interaction C. names are not very powerful symbols D. research on the power or influence of naming essentially contradicts Thomas’ theorem on the definition of the situation Ans: A
  3. According to the “naming” essay, which of the following would be the best advice for parents selecting a name for their child? A. select a unique name that sets the child apart from others B. select a trendy name C. select an old-fashioned name like Arnold or Betty D. select a name that corresponds to contemporary norms of popularity Ans: D
  4. In a word, norms are best thought of as ______. A. shoulds B. musts C. dogma D. edicts Ans: A
  5. The concept of secondary deviance ______. A. challenges the importance of names or labels B. maintains that names or labels have great power over self-identities C. is inconsistent with the Thomas theorem D. maintains that actions speak louder than words Ans: B
  6. An arbitrary sign endowed with special meaning is ______. A. an edict B. a symbol C. value D. an icon Ans: B
  1. The ideal body type for women ______. A. has changed very little over time B. can vary greatly across racial/ethnic groups C. is remarkably similar to the ideal for men D. has become much more realistic with the rise of the political power of women Ans: B
  2. Choose the false statement: Studies show that ______. A. people prefer the company of physically attractive people over unattractive people B. physical attractiveness has no impact on hiring practices C. attractive babies are held, cuddled, kissed, and talked to more frequently than are unattractive babies D. we assume that physically attractive people also have great personalities and happy, successful lives Ans: B
  3. Beauty ______. A. can be thought of as a form of cultural capital B. tends not to be correlated with income C. really is only skin deep D. is ultimately tied to universal standards embraced by all cultures Ans: A
  4. Our behaviors and interactions with others repeatedly show us that ______. A. appearance norms are so varied that they do not have much influence over us B. internal beauty is valued more than external beauty C. what lies within us is more important than our appearances D. appearance is an extremely important social resource Ans: D
  5. In their chapter on beauty and appearance norms, Ruane and Cerulo argue that ______. A. American culture puts very little emphasis on physical appearance B. beauty is an important aspect of one’s cultural capital C. appearance has little to do with our core identity D. beauty really is only skin deep Ans: B
  6. Ruane and Cerulo use the discussion of beauty and appearance norms to ______. A. show the importance of material culture B. illustrate the idea of cultural inconsistency C. illustrate the idea of culture lag D. challenge Cooley’s concept of the looking glass self Ans: B
  7. Cooley’s “looking glass self” argues that one’s self concept is ______.

A. a reflection of those around us B. as fragile as a looking glass C. functions as a carnival mirror D. None of these choices are correct. Ans: A

  1. A parent admonishes a child for not saying thank-you after receiving a gift from grandma. The parent’s action illustrates ______. A. primary socialization B. reverse socialization C. anticipatory socialization D. desocialization Ans: A
  2. When we expect that handsome men or beautiful women are happy, intelligent, or well placed, we pave the way for expectation to become reality. This is called ______. A. the halo effect B. political correctness C. a self-fulfilling prophecy D. cultural inconsistency Ans: C True/False
  3. Standards of attractiveness can vary by race and ethnicity. Ans: T

Essay 9: The More We Pay, the More It’s Worth

Multiple Choice

  1. The essay “The More We Pay.. .” makes the point that ______. A. there is a perfect correlation between occupational prestige scores and income B. income and occupational prestige scores are often out of sync C. midwives enjoy relatively high prestige in our society D. CEOs enjoy very high prestige scores in our society Ans: B
  2. MRI research on brain activity indicates that ______. A. we appear to get more pleasure from things that are costly B. our brains do a good job at detecting imposters of high price items C. brain activity is unrelated to feelings of pleasure D. high price items show their worthiness in blind taste tests