1
The Internet
Introductory material.
An overview lecture that covers Internet related topics, including a
definition of the Internet, an overview of its history and growth, and
standardization and naming.
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The Internet-Computer Networking-Lecture Slides, Slides of Computer Network Management and Protocols
Prof. Chandraaditya Biswas delivered this lecture at Allahabad University for Computer Network Managment and Protocols course at Allahabad University. Its main points are: Internet, Standardization, FNC, Federal, Networking, Council, IP, TCP, Transmission, Control, Protocol
Typology: Slides
2011/2012
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1
The Internet
Introductory material. An overview lecture that covers Internet related topics, including adefinition of the Internet, an overview of its history and growth, andstandardization and naming.
docsity.com
A Definition^ •
On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed aresolution defining the term Internet.
- RESOLUTION:
The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the
following language reflects our definition of the term "Internet"."Internet" refers to the global information system that --
•(i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address spacebased on the Internet Protocol (IP) or i
t^ s subsequent
extensions/follow-ons;•(ii) is able to support communications using the TransmissionControl Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequentextensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and•(iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately,high level services layered on the communications and relatedinfrastructure described herein.
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Applications of the Internet^ •
Traditional core applications:
EmailNewsRemote LoginFile Transfer
•^
The killer application:
World-Wide Web (WWW)
•^
New applications:
VideoconferencingTelephonyP2P applicationsInternet Broadcast
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Time Line of the Internet
- Source:
Internet
Society
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Internet Infrastructure
local ISP
cam pusnetwork
corporatenetwork
IXP
RegionalNetwork
RegionalNetwork local ISP
local ISP
IXP
IXP
Backbone NetworkBackbone Network
RegionalNetwork
RegionalNetwork
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Internet Infrastructure^ •
The infrastructure of the Internet consists of a federation ofconnected networks that are each independently managed(“
autonomous system
- Note: Each “autonomous system may consist of multiple IP
networks
- Autonomous systems have a number (
AS number
•^
Hierarchy of network service providers (NSPs)–
Tier-
: nation or worldwide network (US: less than 20)
Tier-2:
regional networks (in US: less than 100)
Tier-3:
local Internet service provider (in US: several
thousand)
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Topology of a Tier-1 NSP
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Organization of a single node in a Tier-1 network
Com 3 Com 3 Com 3 Com 3
Bay Networks Bay Networks
M odem Bank
SD SD
Modem Bank Modem Bank^
Modem Bank Modem Bank
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Internet Standardization Process^ •
Working groups present their work i of the Internet arepublished as RFC (Request for Comments). RFCs are thebasis for Internet standards.
-^
Not all RFCs become Internet Standards! (There are >3000RFCs and less than 70 Internet standards)
-^
A typical (but not only) way of standardization is:– Internet Drafts– RFC– Proposed Standard– Draft Standard (requires 2 working implementation)– Internet Standard (declared by IAB)
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Assigning Identifiers for the Internet^ •
Who gives the university the domain name “virginia.edu”
-^
Who assigns it the network prefix “128.143.0.0/16”?
-^
Who assigns port 80 as the default port for web servers?
-^
The functions associated with the assignment of numbers isreferred to as
Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA).
•^
IANA used to be managed by Jon Postel at ISI
-^
Since the 1990s, IP addresses and domain name allocationare delegated to independent organizations. Differentorganizations are responsible for allocating domain namesand IP addresses
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Regional Internet Registries (RIRs)^ •^
Registration and management of IP address is done by
Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs)
-^
Where do RIRs get their addresses from: IANA maintains a high-levelregistry that distributes large blocks to RIRs
-^
RIR are administer allocation of:– IPv4 address blocks– IPv6 address blocks– Autonomous system (AS) numbers
-^
There are currently 4 RIRs worldwide:–
APNIC
(Asia/Pacific Region),
-^
ARIN
(North America and Sub-Sahara Africa),
-^
LACNIC
(Latin America and some Caribbean Islands)
-^
RIPE
NCC (Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, and African
countries located north of the equator).
-^
A fifth regional registry (AfriNIC) is in formation for Africa.
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Transitioning of Domain Name Registration^ •^
Until 1992:
Domain name registration done as part of IANA
-^
1992:
InterNIC was created in a partnership between US government and
companies to organize and maintain the growing DNS registry andservices. The company Network Solutions ran the administration ofInterNIC. Until 1998, Network Solutions had a monopoly for domainnames.
-^
1995:
InterNIC started harging for domain names ($100 for 2 years)
-^
1997:
President Clinton directs the Secretary of Commerce to privatize
the management of the domain name system (DNS) in a manner thatincreases competition and facilitates international participation in itsmanagement.
-^
1998:
ICANN was created in response to a policy statement issued by the
US Department of Commerce that called for the formation of a privatesector not-for-profit Internet stakeholder to administer policy for theInternet name and address system. ICANN operates under a renewable 3-year contract with the US Department of the Commerce.– ICANN accredits domain-name registrar for .com, .org., .net (and other
domain)
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