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Life-Span Development: Understanding the Lifelong Process of Growth and Change, Slides of Ethology

Institute Of Technology Australia (ITA)Ethology

An overview of life-span development, a multidisciplinary field of study that examines the patterns of movement or change that begin at conception and continue throughout the human life span. the importance of studying life-span development, its characteristics, contemporary concerns, and various theories and research methods. Topics include biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes, periods of development, and conceptions of age.

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2021/2022

Uploaded on 07/05/2022

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• ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN
DEVELOPMENT
JOHN W. SANTROCK
• Chapter Outline
• The life-span perspective
• The nature of development
• Theories of development
• Research in life-span development
• The Life-Span
Perspective
• The importance of studying life-span
development
• Characteristics of the life-span
perspective
• Contemporary concerns in life-span
development
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Download Life-Span Development: Understanding the Lifelong Process of Growth and Change and more Slides Ethology in PDF only on Docsity!

• ESSENTIALS OF LIFE-SPAN

DEVELOPMENT

JOHN W. SANTROCK

  • Chapter Outline
  • The life-span perspective
  • The nature of development
  • Theories of development
  • Research in life-span development

• The Life-Span

Perspective

  • The importance of studying life-span development
  • Characteristics of the life-span perspective
  • Contemporary concerns in life-span development

• The Life-Span

Perspective

  • Development : Pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span - The importance of studying life-span development - Prepares us to take responsibility for children - Gives us insight about our own lives

• The Life-Span Perspective

  • Characteristics of the life-span perspective - Life-span perspective: Views development as - Lifelong - Multidimensional - Multidirectional - Plastic - Multidisciplinary - Contextual - A process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
  • Ethnicity : Based on cultural heritage, nationality characteristics, race, religion, and language
  • Socioeconomic status : Grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and economic characteristics
  • Gender : Characteristics of people as males or females
  • Social policy : National government’s course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
  • The Nature of Development
  • Biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes
  • Periods of development
  • Conceptions of age
  • Developmental issues

• Biological, Cognitive,

and

Socioemotional

Processes

• Biological, Cognitive,

and

Socioemotional

Processes

  • Connecting biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes - Connection is obvious in: - Developmental cognitive neuroscience - Explores links between development, cognitive processes, and the brain - Developmental social neuroscience - Examines connections between socioemotional processes, development, and the brain

• Figure 1.4 - Processes

Involved in

Developmental

Changes

  • Periods of Development
  • Conceptions of age
    • Four types of age
      • Chronological age
  • Nature and nurture, stability and change, continuity and discontinuity characterize development throughout the human lifespan
  • Theories of Development
  • Psychoanalytic theories
  • Cognitive theories
  • Behavioral and social cognitive theories
  • Ethological theory
  • Ecological theory
  • An eclectic theoretical orientation
  • Theories of Development
  • Scientific method - A four-step process
  • Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
  • Collect research information
  • Analyze data
  • Draw conclusions
  • Theories of Development
  • Theory : An interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions
  • Hypotheses : Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy
  • Theories of Development
  • Psychoanalytic theories
  • Cognitive theories
  • Behavioral and social cognitive theories
  • Ethological theory
  • Ecological theory
  • An eclectic theoretical orientation
  • Psychoanalytic Theories
  • Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion - Freud’s theory

development as they actively construct their understanding of the world

• Figure 1.8 - Piaget’s Four

Stages of Cognitive

Development

  • Cognitive Theories
  • Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory - Vygotsky’s theory : Emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development
  • Information-processing theory : Emphasizes that individuals: - Manipulate information - Monitor it - Strategize about it
  • Cognitive Theories
  • Evaluation
    • Contributions
      • Positive view of development
  • Emphasis on the active construction of understanding
  • Criticisms
  • Skepticism about the pureness of Piaget’s stages
  • Little attention to individual variations

• Behavioral and Social

Cognitive Theories

  • Development can be described in terms of behaviors learned through interactions with our surroundings - Skinner’s operant conditioning - Development consists of the pattern of behavioral changes thatare brought about by rewards and punishments - Bandura’s social cognitive theory - Holds that behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are the key factors in development

• Figure 1.9 - Bandura’s

Social Cognitive Model

• Behavioral and Social

Cognitive Theories

  • Evaluation

• Figure 1.10 - Bronfenbrenner’s

Ecological Theory of

Development

• Bronfenbrenner’s

Ecological Theory

  • Evaluation
    • Contribustions include:
      • Systematic examination of macro and micro dimensions of environmental systems
      • Attention to connections between environmental systems
      • Emphasis on a range of social contexts beyond the family
    • Criticism
      • Giving inadequate attention to biological factors
      • Too little emphasis on cognitive factors
  • Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
  • Does not follow any one theoretical approach - Selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it
  • Research in Life-Span Development
  • Methods for collecting data
  • Research designs
  • Time span of research
  • Conducting ethical research
  • Methods for Collecting Data
  • Observation
    • Laboratory : Controlled setting in which many of the complex factors of the real world are removed
    • Naturalistic observation : Studies that involve observing behavior in real-world settings
  • Survey and interview
  • Methods for Collecting Data
  • Standardized test : Uniform procedures for administration and scoring
  • Case study : In-depth look at a single individual
  • Physiological measures
  • Cross-sectional approach : Individuals of different ages are compared at one time
  • Longitudinal approach : Same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more
  • Cohort effects : Due to a person’s time of birth, era, or generation rather than the person’s actual age
  • Conducting Ethical Research
  • American Psychological Association’s ethics guidelines that address: - Informed consent - Confidentiality - Debriefing - Deception