Download The Nervous System: Structure and Function and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
BIOD 152 EXAM / NEWEST BIOD 152
ACTUAL FINAL EXAM 2024 REAL EXAM
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS (100% CORRECT VERIFIED
ANSWERS) A NEW UPDATED VERSION
2024 |GUARANTEED PASS. (BRAND
NEW!!!)
What is anatomy - ANSWER>>Focuses on the structure of the body What is physiology - ANSWER>>How the body parts function together The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this. - ANSWER>>The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the body. List the 2 parts of the nervous system - ANSWER>>CNS and PNS (central nervous system and peripheral nervous system) How are the parts of the central nervous system protected? - ANSWER>>The skull protects the brain and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord
Collections of cell bodies inside the central nervous system are called _____, and the collection of nerve axons in the central nervous system are called _____. - ANSWER>>Nuclei; tracts What is included in the peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER>>cranial nerves and spinal nerves Collections of cell bodies inside the peripheral nervous system are called _____, and the collection of nerve axons in the peripheral nervous system are called _____. - ANSWER>>Ganglia; nerves What are the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER>>afferent and efferent Describe the movement of nerve impulses in the peripheral nervous system. - ANSWER>>The PNS receives impulses from the sensory organs via the afferent division and then relays signals or impulses from the CNS to muscles and glands via the motor or efferent division What are the 2 divisions of the efferent division of the peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER>>Somatic and autonomic What is controlled by the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? - ANSWER>>The somatic system controls the movements of skeletal muscles, skin, and joints. The autonomic system nerves control the glands and smooth muscles of internal organs
Describe the structure and function of the dendrite - ANSWER>>numerous short extensions that emanate from the cell body which receive information from other neurons conducting nerve impulses toward the cell body Describe the axon, including the number in each neuron, function, structure and organelles. - ANSWER>>conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body to its axon terminals where it is emitted across a synapse to the dendrite of another neuron. Axons are composed of cells like the cell body but lack rough ER. Describe the function and site of synthesis and storage of neurotransmitters. - ANSWER>>chemicals stored in secretory vesicles at the end of axon terminals. When neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal vesicles, they carry the transmission of the nerve impulse from one neuron to another What is a synapse? - ANSWER>>A gap between neurons A post-synaptic neuron is a neuron that is found ____ the synapse - ANSWER>>After _____neurons have three or more extensions from the cell body and have one axon and many dendrites - ANSWER>>Multipolar _________ neurons have a central cell body with two extensions - ANSWER>>Bipolar
_____ neurons have one extension off the cell body which branches into two: one central process running to the CNS and another peripheral process running to the sensory receptor - ANSWER>>Unipolar ______ neurons are unipolar and function to carry information from the peripheral to the central nervous system - ANSWER>>Sensory These types of neurons are also called association neurons - ANSWER>>Interneurons _____ neurons send messages from the central nervous system to the peripheral - ANSWER>>Motor What is the function of neuroglial cells? - ANSWER>>support cells, helping to support neurons to enable them to thrive in their needed environment What are the peripheral nervous system neuroglial cell types? - ANSWER>>Schwann cells and satellite cells True or False: Axons cannot regenerate in the peripheral nervous system. - ANSWER>>False True or False: Myelin sheath is continuous and has no gaps. - ANSWER>>False
open and sodium rushes into the axon and the inside becomes more positive than the outside causing the membrane potential to become more positive Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during repolarization and what causes this to happen. - ANSWER>>sodium gates close and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. this returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re- establishing the negative potential Describe what happens during afterpolarization - ANSWER>>the potassium gates that open during repolarization are slow to close and there is an afterpolarization undershoot of the potential What causes the difference in intensity of a sensation? - ANSWER>>due to the number of neurons stimulated and the frequency with which they are stimulated True or False: An impulse from a neuron moves in both directions. - ANSWER>>False What is meant by neuron signals being electrochemical in nature? - ANSWER>>the signal moves from electrical to chemical to electrical again once the signal reaches the next neuron What is the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission? - ANSWER>>Neurotransmitters
How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another? - ANSWER>>when a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. these bind with a receptor on the next neuron, opening sodium gates in the receiving dendrite which causes depolarization and the impulse is carried. What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished? - ANSWER>>the short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents continuous simulation What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - ANSWER>>Dopamine What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? - ANSWER>>Acetylcholine Once ACh is released in the NMJ, what happens to cause muscle contraction to occur? - ANSWER>>Ach binds to receptors on the muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes in, triggering an action potential which reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca ions are released causing the muscle to contract Define the term reflex. Give an internal and an external example - ANSWER>>reflexes are nearly instantaneous, automatic, involuntary motor responses to stimuli occurring inside or outside of the body. A
Why is a spinal reflex faster than a conscious decision to move by the brain? - ANSWER>>not only because they involve fewer neurons but also because the electrical signal does not have to travel to the brain and back. they only travel to the spinal cord and back which is a much shorter distance List the 5 components of a reflex arc. - ANSWER>>receptor, afferent neuron, integration center, efferent neuron, effector The stretch reflex utilizes what type of specialized receptor to detect over- stretch? - ANSWER>>muscle spindles What is the purpose of the stretch reflex? - ANSWER>>Stretch reflexes are a special type of muscle reflex which protect the muscle against increases in length which may tear or damage muscle fibers. This is the most superficial layer of the brain meninges. - ANSWER>>Dura mater (menix) The ______ fissure separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum - ANSWER>>Transverse What is the purpose of the blood-brain barrier? Describe its maintenance from a cellular level. - ANSWER>>The blood-brain barrier is a diffusion barrier which prevents most particles from entering the central nervous system tissue, keeping the brain and spinal cord separate from general
blood circulation. The blood-brain barrier is formed by the relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to the glial cells astrocytes. Maintenance of the blood-brain-barrier is important to provide a stable chemical environment for the nervous system. All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: A. Maintain homeostasis B. Controls the pituitary gland C. Links the nervous and endocrine systems D. Relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum - ANSWER>>D What is the largest portion of the brain? A. Cerebellum B. Cerebrum C. Corpus collosum D. Cingulate gyrus - ANSWER>>B. Cerebrum This region of the brain acts to coordinate multiple sources of sensory information: A. Primary sensory cortex B. Primary motor cortex C. Association area D. Precentral gyrus E. Postcentral gyrus - ANSWER>>C. Association area
D. The vermis coordinates the trunk and shoulder movements. - ANSWER>>C Which of the following is most likely a symptom of ALS? A. Impaired ability to swallow B. Decreased sensation in the hands C. Shrinkage of cerebral cortex Increased size of brain ventricles D. All the above - ANSWER>>A Which of the following is true concerning a CVA? A. An ischemic stroke is also known as a "brain bleed". B. A TIA is a form of hemorrhagic stroke. C. Stroke survivors never regain any lost function. D. A hemorrhagic stroke is due to a broken blood vessel. - ANSWER>>D A patient is unable to extend his fourth and fithh digits when asked to open his hand. What is most likely the cause? A. CVA in the frontal lobe B. Carpal tunnel syndrome C. Ulnar nerve damage D. Anterior spinal cord injury - ANSWER>>C Label the following spinal cord regions in the diagram below: (picture 1) - ANSWER>>1: Lateral Column 3: Gray Commissure 4: Anterior Column 6: Anterior/Ventral Horn
11: Ventral Root What cranial nerve is highlighted in blue (also indicated by the arrow) in the figure below? (picture 2) A. Optic B. Oculomotor C. Trochlear D. Abducens E. Spinal Accessory - ANSWER>>D What type of nerve is the cranial nerve below and what does it control? (Highlighted in blue, also indicated by the arrow) (picture 3) A. Mixed: Sensation of digestive tract and Regulation of heart rate B. Motor: Tongue movement C. Sensory: Hearing/balance D. Mixed: Facial muscles and Taste - ANSWER>>D. Which of the following is true about the trigeminal nerve? A. The mandibular branch receives sensory informa"on from taste buds. B. The ophthalmic branch controls eye movements. C. The maxillary branch receives informa"on from the upper lip. D. The maxillary branch controls the muscles of mas"ca"on. - ANSWER>>C Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Answer by writing the le!er (A-J) from the figure that corresponds with the correct cranial nerve. (picture 4)
B- Femoral nerve C- Saphenous The lumbar plexus is from spinal nerves: A. L01-L B. L04- S C. C01-C D. L01-S01 - ANSWER>>A A patient is on a ventilator post a car accident. What region of the spine is most likely damaged? A. L01-L B. S01-S C. T01-T D. C03-C05 - ANSWER>>D A patient is not able to extend his left wrist or fingers. What nerve is most likely damaged? A. Ulnar B. Axillary C. Radial D. Median - ANSWER>>C A patient has decreased sensation over the posterior surface of the thigh. What nerve is most likely damaged? A. Femoral B. Sciatic
C. Saphenous D. Common fibular nerve - ANSWER>>B Which of the following is true concerning the lumbar plexus? A. It arises from L2-S2 spinal nerves. B. There are three cords: medial, lateral and posterior C. There are two divisions: anterior and posterior. D. The anterior division forms the femoral nerve. (F) - ANSWER>>C These contain the ganglia for the sympathetic nervous system that controls the effector organs in the trunk, head and limbs. A. Sympathetic trunk ganglia Correct! B. Celiac ganglion C. Superiomesenteric ganglion D. Inferior mesenteric ganglion E. Ciliary ganglion - ANSWER>>A Which of the following is false concerning the parasympathetic nervous system? A. Primarily contains cholinergic synapses. B. It is also called the craniosacral division. C. Acts to increase the heart rate. D. Promotes the diges"on of foods. - ANSWER>>C A patient comes into the ER following an accident. She is scared and starting to hyperventilate. You talk with her in a calm, reassuring manner as she receives medical care. You are trying to increase the activity in which
which is produced there. Once formed the CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space bathing and floating the brain. All the following are functions of the hypothalamus except: A. Regulates sleep B. Links the nervous and endocrine systems C. Filters out unimportant sensory information D. Regulates water balance - ANSWER>>C This region of the brain controls decision making skills. A. Frontal lobe B. Cerebellum C. Occipital lobe D. Temporal lobe E. Primary sensory cortex - ANSWER>>A A patient is having difficulty producing speech sounds, but other motor movements are normal. Which area of the brain is most likely damaged? A. Broca's area B. Wernicke's area C. Occipital lobe D. Parietal lobe E. Primary motor cortex - ANSWER>>A What is muscle tone and how is it maintained? - ANSWER>>Muscle tone is the degree at which muscles remain partially contracted while at rest.
Muscle tone is continuously monitored and maintained by the cerebellum to keep bones and joints in place. Which statement is false concerning the brainstem? A. The midbrain portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord. B. The pons helps to regulate breathing. C. The midbrain contains the superior and inferior colliculi. D. The medulla contains reflex centers to regulate vasoconstriction. - ANSWER>>A Which of the following is false concerning the cerebellum? A. The gray matter is external while the white mater is internal. B. The cerebellar peduncles are located posteriorly. C. The anterior lobe receives information from the body trunk. D. The vermis coordinates arm movements. - ANSWER>>B Alzheimer's disease impacts which region(s) of the brain? A. Occipital lobe B. Frontal lobe C. Parietal lobe D. Hippocampus E. All the above - ANSWER>>E One of your patients sustained an ischemic CVA. You notice that their gait is very unsteady. It almost appears as if they are intoxicated. What portion of the brain was most likely affected by the stroke? Explain your answer -
