Theories of Development: A Comprehensive Overview of Key Concepts and Theories, Slides of Psychology

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Theories of Development

Qualities of a good theory

• Internally consistent--parts fit together in a

consistent way

• Should provide meaningful explanations
• Open to scientific evaluation
• Stimulate new thinking and research
• Should provide guidance to parents and

professionals in the day-to-day work

Psychodynamic developmental

theories

Freud

• The ID seeks pleasure and avoids pain. It is not logical in its searches.
• The ego is rational. Conscious, and problem-solving
• The superego is the moral and ethical component.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages Psychosexual Stage Approximate Age Oral Anal Phallic Latency Genital Birth - 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 6 years 6 - 12 years 12 - adulthood Description The mouth is the focus of stimulation and interaction; feeding and weaning are central. The anus is the focus of stimulation and interaction; elimination and toilet training are central. The genitals (penis, clitoris, and vagina) are the focus of stimulation; gender role and moral development are central. A period of suspended sexual activity; energies shift to physical and intellectual activities. The genitals are the focus of stimulation with the onset of puberty; mature sexual relationships develop.

Erik Erikson

• Personality development is a psychosocial process
• Personality development is a lifelong experience and is influences by three interrelated forces (next slide)

• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
• Initiative vs. Guilt
• Industry vs. Inferiority
• Identity vs. Role Confusion
• Intimacy v. Isolation
• Generativity vs. Stagnation
• Ego Integrity vs. Despair ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES Birth – 1 year 1 - 3 years 3 - 6 years 6 - 12 years (Latency Period) 12 - 19 years (Adolescence) 19 – 25 years (Early Adulthood) 25 – 50 years (Adulthood) 50 years and older

Ivan Pavlov’s Classical

conditioning

• For involuntary responses
• Basic, not higher order learning
• Paired conditioned response with UCR to form new behaviors (see page 44 of text)

B. F. Skinner’s Operant

conditioning

• Looks at empirically verifiable behaviors only. Not an introspective field of inquiry.
• Operant conditioning works with voluntary muscles only, in contrast to classical.

The behavior-modifier’s tools

Positive reinforcement, response cost,

timeout, overcorrection, extinction,

ALT-R, negative reinforcement, PAC

Using response cost effectively

• Spell out the rules of the game early
• Allow for buildup of reserve without telling students
• Take fining only so far before mixing it with other techniques such as time out

Using time out effectively

• Remove the person from sources of stimulation immediately
• Timeout situation must be neutral with no reinforcing properties of its own
• Short in duration

Extinction (systematic non-

reinforcement)

• Specify the conditions for extinction so that the child knows why these things are happening
• Dispense no reinforcement before its time
• Watch for spontaneous recovery

Reinforcement of alternative

behaviors (ALT-R)

• Behavior to be reinforced must be

incompatible with that to be extinguished

• Alternative behavior must already be

established

• Alternative behavior must be one that is

likely to be supported by the natural

environment