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Tissues outline notes, Lecture notes of Anatomy

Aliah UniversityAnatomy

Outline of tissues in anatomy and physiology

Typology: Lecture notes

2019/2020

Uploaded on 10/08/2020

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Chapter 4
Tissues
LECTURE OUTLINE
I. Types of Tissues
A. A tissue is a group of similar cells that function
together to carry out specialized activities.
B. Histology is the science that deals with the study of
tissues.
C. The four major tissue types are epithelial,
connective, muscular, and nervous. They are
classified based on their structures and functions.
II. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)
A. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces; lines body
cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms
glands.
B. The two types of epithelium are covering or lining
epithelium and glandular epithelium.
C. General features of epithelial tissue
1. Epithelium consists of closely packed cells with
little extracellular material.
2. Epithelial cells have a free (apical) surface
which is exposed to a body cavity, lining of an
internal organ, or the exterior of body.
Epithelial tissues also have an anchoring
basement membrane.
3. Epithelial tissues are avascular but have a nerve
supply.
4. Epithelial tissues have a high capacity for
renewal by cell division.
5. Epithelial tissues function in protection,
secretion, absorption, excretion, sensory
reception and generation of gametes (sperm and
oocytes).
D. Covering and lining epithelium
1. Epithelial tissue can be classified according to
the arrangement of cells and shape of cells.
a. Arrangement of cells in layers include
these classifications:
1) Simple = single layered
2) Stratified = multi-layered
3) Pseudostratified = one layer of cells
but appears to have several layers
because not all cells reach the
surface.
b. Cell shapes include:
1) Squamous = flat and thin
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Chapter 4 Tissues LECTURE OUTLINE I. Types of Tissues A. A tissue is a group of similar cells that function together to carry out specialized activities. B. Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues. C. The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous. They are classified based on their structures and functions. II. Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium) A. Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces; lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); and forms glands. B. The two types of epithelium are covering or lining epithelium and glandular epithelium. C. General features of epithelial tissue

  1. Epithelium consists of closely packed cells with little extracellular material.
  2. Epithelial cells have a free (apical) surface which is exposed to a body cavity, lining of an internal organ, or the exterior of body. Epithelial tissues also have an anchoring basement membrane.
  3. Epithelial tissues are avascular but have a nerve supply.
  4. Epithelial tissues have a high capacity for renewal by cell division.
  5. Epithelial tissues function in protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, sensory reception and generation of gametes (sperm and oocytes). D. Covering and lining epithelium
  6. Epithelial tissue can be classified according to the arrangement of cells and shape of cells. a. Arrangement of cells in layers include these classifications:
  1. Simple = single layered
  2. Stratified = multi-layered
  3. Pseudostratified = one layer of cells but appears to have several layers because not all cells reach the surface. b. Cell shapes include:
  4. Squamous = flat and thin
  1. Cuboidal = as tall as they are wide or hexagons
  2. Columnar = taller than they are wide
  3. Transitional = shape varies from flat to cudoidal c. Certain cells can also contain cilia and/or secrete mucus.
  1. Types of epithelial tissues a. Simple squamous epithelium 1) Lines the heart, blood vessels, and air sacs of the lungs. 2) Functions include diffusion, osmosis, filtration, absorption, and secretion (in serous membranes). b. Simple cuboidal epithelium 1) Lines the kidney tubules, forms parts of the eye, forms part of some glands, and covers ovaries. 2) Functions are to secrete tears and saliva and absorb water in the kidney tubules. c. Simple columnar epithelium 1) May have modifications such as microvilli, which serve to increase the surface area, or goblet cells which secrete mucus. 2) Lines most of the digestive tract and the excretory ducts of glands. 3) Functions are secretion and absorption. d. Ciliated simple columnar epithelium 1) Apical surface contains cilia. 2) Lines upper respiratory tract, uterine tubes, and uterus. 3) Moves mucus and oocytes by ciliary action. e. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium 1) Lines the upper respiratory tract, larynx, ducts of many glands and the male urethra. 2) Functions in secretion and movement of mucus. f. Stratified squamous epithelium 1) Usually contains a protein called keratin. 2) Lines the mouth and esophagus, covers the tongue, and forms the outer layers of the skin. 3) Serves as a protective barrier against microbes, heat, and chemicals. g. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  1. Adipocytes = fat cells. D. Connective tissue extracellular matrix
  2. Each type of connective tissue has unique properties due to the extracellular materials between the cells. The extracellular matrix contains protein fibers embedded in the fluid, gel, or solid ground substance.
  3. Ground substance is found between cells and fibers. a. It supports cells and allows the exchange of materials between blood and cells. b. The chemicals composing ground substance (mainly water and large organic molecules) help determine the functions of the different connective tissues.
  4. The extracellular matrix also contains fibers, which provide strength and support for the tissue. The major type of fibers include: a. Collagen fibers which are very strong and resistant to pulling forces.
  1. These fibers occur in bundles and afford great strength.
  2. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body representing about 25% of all protein. b. Elastic fibers are usually smaller than collagen fibers.
  3. Elastic fibers form branching networks in a tissue.
  4. Elastic fibers are comprised of the protein elastin which provides both strength and elasticity. c. Reticular fibers are comprised of collagen and glycoprotein.
  5. Reticular fibers are thin and provide strength and support in the walls of blood vessels.
  6. Reticular fibers also form the stroma (supporting framework) of many soft organs. E. Classification of connective tissues
  1. Connective tissues are very diverse. They can be categorized into broad categories. a. Loose = fibers are loosely arranged among many cells. Loose connective tissues include areolar connective, adipose tissue, and reticular connective. b. Dense = contains larger quantities of tightly packed fibers and fewer cells. These include dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic connective tissue.

c. Cartilage = contains chondrocytes and a dense network of collagen or elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate. There are three types of cartilage – hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage. d. Bone = composed of several connective tissue types. Details of bone are presented in chapter 6. e. Liquid connective = has a liquid exracellular matrix. Blood and lymph are liquid connective tissues.

  1. Types of connective tissues a. Areolar connective 1) This is the most widely distributed of the connective tissues. 2) It contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers and many cells types (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes) in a semifluid ground substance. 3) It is located around organs and is part of the dermis of the skin. 4) It provides strength, elasticity and support. b. Adipose connective 1) Contains adipocytes used for fat storage.
  1. It is located in subcutaneous tissue, around the heart and kidneys, in the marrow of long bones, and joint padding.
  2. Functions include heat loss reduction, support, protection, and as an energy reserve. c. Reticular connective 1) Composed of reticular fibers with reticular cells. 2) Located in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
  3. This tissue forms the stroma of organs and filters microbes and worn-out red blood cells. d. Dense regular connective 1) Composed of collage fibers arranged in bundles with fibroblasts between the rows. 2) Found in tendons and ligaments. 3) Provides a strong attachment between structures. e. Dense irregular connective
  1. Lymph is also a liquid connective tissue containing several cell types.
  2. Lymph flows in lymphatic vessels.
  3. It functions in protection. IV. Membranes A. Membranes are flat sheets of tissue that cover or line a part of the body. B. Epithelial membranes are a combination of an epithelial layer and underlying connective tissue. C. Types of epithelial membranes
  1. Mucous membranes = line body cavities that open to the body’s exterior (linings of the digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems).
  2. Serous membranes = line body cavities that do not open to the body’s exterior. a. Serous membranes have a parietal and visceral layer. b. Examples of serous membranes are the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum. D. Synovial membranes
  3. These membranes consist of areolar connective tissue and do not have an epithelial layer.
  4. They line joint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths. V. Muscular Tissue A. Muscular tissue is a highly specialized tissue which generates force, produces motion, maintains posture, and provides heat. B. Skeletal muscle is usually attached to bones of the skeleton. C. Cardiac muscle forms the bulk of the wall of the heart. D. Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow internal structures, such as blood vessels, the stomach, and the urinary bladder. VI. Nervous Tissue A. Nervous tissue contains two principal cells types: neurons and neuroglia. B. Neurons are sensitive to stimuli and can conduct impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, and glands. C. Neuroglia provide cellular support for nervous tissue, but do not generate or conduct nerve impulses. VII. Tissue Repair and Aging A. Tissue repair replaces worn-out, damaged, or dead cells with healthy ones. B. Each tissue type has a different capacity for repair.
  5. Epithelial cells have a continuous capacity for repair.
  1. Some connective tissues, such as bone, repair easily while other connective tissues, such as cartilage, repair less readily.
  2. Muscular tissue has a poor capacity for repair.
  3. Nervous tissue has the worst capacity for repair of damaged cells. C. With aging, tissues heal more slowly and produce more scars.
  4. Collagen and elastic fibers also change with age.