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TMTC Pathology Study Guide Quiz, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Pathology

Virginia State University (VSU)Pathology

TMTC Pathology Study Guide Quiz

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 11/21/2024

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TMTC Pathology Study Guide Quiz
1.Where can bursae be found in the body?: HIKE
B Heel
Ischial
tuberosity
Knee
Elbow
Between layers of fascia
2.Massage indications for a contracture: 1) If the contracture is due to
nerve damage, massage is contraindicated.
2)If the contracture is due to temporary immobilization, deep
connective tissue mas- sage can help unbind the fascial prison of the
muscle cells. Include STRETCHING to align the collagen fibers.
3) Massage is better at preventing contractures than at reversing them.
3.Two causes of contractures: 1. Atrophying muscle fibers
2. Growing, thickening fascia
4. 3 signs of a contracture: 1. Muscles lose bulk
2.Tissue is hard
3.Diminished circulation to the area
5.What is a contracture?: permantently shortened muscles
6.What is the treatment for melanoma?: -surgical excision of lesions and
affected lymph nodes
-radiation and chemo for metastatic melanoma
7.ABCDE rule of melanoma:
Asymmetry Border irregularity
Color variations
Diameter is larger than 6mm (larger than a pencil eraser)
Elevation (raised appearance or rapid enlargement)
8.5 Risk factors for melanoma: 1. Exposure to UV radiation
2.History of severe sunburn.
3.Intermittent intense exposure to UV light instead of continuous
exposure increas- es the risk
4.Those with fair skin, light colored hair and eyes.
5.Family history of having 50 or more common moles or 10 or more
atypical moles.
9.Melanoma found in which areas of the body have the best prognosis?:
The extremities
10.Melanoma is associated with ——— exposure to sunlight: Intermittent
and intense
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Partial preview of the text

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TMTC Pathology Study Guide Quiz

  1. Where can bursae be found in the body?: HIKE B Heel Ischial tuberosity Knee Elbow Between layers of fascia
  2. Massage indications for a contracture: 1) If the contracture is due to nerve damage, massage is contraindicated. 2)If the contracture is due to temporary immobilization, deep connective tissue mas- sage can help unbind the fascial prison of the muscle cells. Include STRETCHING to align the collagen fibers.
  1. Massage is better at preventing contractures than at reversing them.
  1. Two causes of contractures: 1. Atrophying muscle fibers
  2. Growing, thickening fascia
  3. 3 signs of a contracture: 1. Muscles lose bulk 2.Tissue is hard 3.Diminished circulation to the area
  4. What is a contracture?: permantently shortened muscles
  5. What is the treatment for melanoma?: -surgical excision of lesions and affected lymph nodes -radiation and chemo for metastatic melanoma
  6. ABCDE rule of melanoma: Asymmetry Border irregularity Color variations Diameter is larger than 6mm (larger than a pencil eraser) Elevation (raised appearance or rapid enlargement)
  7. 5 Risk factors for melanoma: 1. Exposure to UV radiation 2.History of severe sunburn. 3.Intermittent intense exposure to UV light instead of continuous exposure increas- es the risk 4.Those with fair skin, light colored hair and eyes. 5.Family history of having 50 or more common moles or 10 or more atypical moles.
  8. Melanoma found in which areas of the body have the best prognosis?: The extremities
  9. Melanoma is associated with ——— exposure to sunlight: Intermittent and intense
  1. List eight locations in the body where melanoma develops.: 1. From Melanocytes located in the basal layer of the epidermis 2.From a benign melanocyte mole. 3.In the eyes 4.In the nail beds 5.In the anal canal 6.In the rectum 7.In the vagina 8.In internal organs
  2. Symptoms of Squamous cell carcinoma: 1. Scaly, slightly elevated, pigment- ed area with irregular borders.
  3. Inside the mouth, SCC lesions can appear as a red, ulcerated sore or as a white patch.
  4. Treatment for Squamous cell carcinoma: Surgical removal of the lesions.
  5. What are two additional risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma?: Smok- ing or chewing tobacco
  6. Where does Squamous cell carcinoma appear?: 1. The face 2.The neck
  7. Smokers and tobacco chewers have a higher incidence of SCC on the lower lip and mouth. 4.SCC can arise in scar tissue.
  8. Where does Squamous cell carcinoma originate?: In the skin's outer epithe- lial layer
  9. SCC tumors can invade surrounding——- and——-.: SCC tumors can invade surrounding tissues and lymph nodes.
  10. Risk factor for basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: 1. Those with excessive exposure to sunlight 2.Those with fair skin and light colored hair and eyes 3.Personal or family history of skin cancer 4.Immunosuppressed individuals 5.Past radiation 6.Those with chronic exposure to arsenic
  11. Symptoms of basal cell carcinoma: 1. Lesions usually appear as an elevated, firm nodule that is ivory-white with central depression.
  12. These lesions become more prominent with time, may bleed and form crusts.
  13. What is the treatment for basal cell carcinoma?: Surgical removal of the lesions
  1. If left untreated, what happens to basal cell carcinoma?: It can destroy the nose or ear.
  2. Treatment of an epidermal cyst: 1. It is not usually treated. 2.If it's bothersome can be surgically excised.
  3. If the cyst becomes infected or inflamed, the doctor can give antibiotics or an injection of corticosteroids. 4.The use of Teatree oil will allow the cyst to drain.
  4. Lifted two other names for an epidermal cyst.: Sebaceous cyst or epidermoid cyst
  5. Where are epidermal cysts typically located?: Just beneath the skin
  6. In what areas of the body are epidermal cysts found?: The scalp, the face, the base of the ears, and the chest.
  7. What is an epidermal cyst?: A pouch filled with keratinous material such as sebum.
  8. Where do epidermal cysts usually arise from?: They usually arise from dilated and occluded hair follicles.
  9. Symptoms of Ichthyosis vulgaris: Dry, rough, scaly skin. Skin is white, dirty gray or brown.
  10. Which climates make Ichthyosis vulgaris worse?: Cold and dry climates
  11. Massage indications for Ichthyosis vulgaris: Use a highly emollient cream with Shea or cocoa butter to counteract skin dryness. Adjust pressure as needed. Avoid broken skin.
  12. What is another name for Ichthyosis vulgaris?: Fish scale disease
  13. What is Ichthyosis vulgaris?: A group of skin disorders that causes a disrup- tion in the normal processes of skin cell generation and removal
  • either too rapid or too slow.
  1. Massage indications for decubitus ulcer: 1. Local massage is contraindicated within a 4 inch radius around the ulcer's edge. 2.Gentle effleurage in a wide area encircling the ulcer may increase local blood flow.
  2. Postpone massage if it is emitting a discharge or has a foul smell, as these are hallmarks of infection and let the caregiver know.
  3. What is a decubitus ulcer caused by?: Ischemia
  4. Which population is affected by decubitus ulcers?: Bedridden individuals who aren't turned regularly and those who use wheelchairs, braces and casts.
  5. Which areas of the body can be affected by a decubitus ulcer?: Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue

Underlying bones and joints

skin, which reduces its thickness.

  1. What are causes of stretch marks?: Weight gain and pregnancy
  2. Lordosis is also known as ?: swayback
  3. Lordosis: An over pronounced lumbar curve
  1. Fibromyalgia statistics: Women who are affected by fibromyalgia outnumber men 7 to 1
  2. Causes of kyphosos in older people: muscular imbalance, complications of osteoporosis, complications of ankylosing spondylitis
  3. Tonic spasms: sustained periods of hypertonicity
  4. cramps: strong, painful, usually short-lived spasms
  5. three causes of spasms and cramps: 1)nutrition- calcium and magnesium deficiency 2)ischemia due to injury or pregnancy 3)splinting as a protective mechanism
  6. massage indications for ischemic cramps: use more stretching and less massage
  7. osteoporosis: calcium is pulled off of bones faster than it is replaced which leaves the bones brittle
  8. massage indications for splinting: wait a few days or weeks depending on the severity for the natural function of splinting to be in place effectively. At that point, softening hard muscle tissue with massage will reduce toxicity, improve blood flow and speed healing. Massage is only indicated for the sub-acute stage of healing. However, at that point, it is very recommended to contribute to the healing process.
  9. clonic spasms: alternating cycles of contraction and relaxation
  10. kyphosis: an overdeveloped thoracic curve
  11. complications of scoliosis: neuritis spondylosis heart and lung problems from severely restricted rib cage
  12. treatment of mild scoliosis: exercise chiropractic treatment electro muscular stimulation
  13. possible causes of fibromyalgia: 1. sleep disorder
  14. Pain, causing further inflammatory response that is not complete and causes the muscle to get stuck in a pain spasm pain cycle where microfibers first began to fray and now become a trigger point.
  15. how is bone density determined?: 60% by heredity 40% by controllable factors such as diet, smoking, exercise and stress level
  16. massage indications for osteoporosis: don't use too much manual pressure on bone because it could lead to possible fracture. massage could offer a lot of symptomatic relief.

can't be exercised stretched and let be laid out into new holding and moving patterns, which is why massage is so important in the early stages.

  1. scoliosis always bends to the .: scoliosis always bends to the right
  2. Treatment of kyphosis in young people: Physical therapy due to muscular imbalance
  3. Spasm: An involuntary contraction of a muscle
  4. 2 types of spasms: Clonic and tonic
  5. Massage indications for fibromyalgia: Use little pressure and gentle stretch- ing. Aim for trigger point release and toxic flushing. Ice is contraindicated and can make symptoms worse
  6. Shin splints: General term for lower leg problems
  7. Which muscles are involved are involved in shin splints?: Tibialis anterior and Tibialis posterior
  8. Causes of shin splints: 1. Walking/ exercise with inadequate foot support or on bad surfaces 2.unusual amount of exercise followed by a period of rest 3.running mostly uphill or downhill or on uneven surfaces
  9. Periostitis: An inflammation of the periosteum because of damage to the ante- rior or posterior tibialis muscles, causing muscle fibers to pull away from the bone.
  10. Stress fracture: Hair line fracture of the tibia. Only time heals these types of fractures.
  11. Anterior compartment syndrome: This is an emergency situation that can cause tissue death if not treated immediately. A result of edema limiting blood flow
  12. Massage indications for lower leg injuries: 1. Reduce activity and alternate applications and heat and cold. 2.if patient has anterior compartment syndrome, go to the ER.
  13. if it isn't anterior compartment syndrome, massage is absolutely indicated. Ex- cersise and stretching can't completely restore circulation. Massage can prevent shinsplints and periostitis from turning into ACS.
  14. If left untreated, lordosis can lead to : Serious low back pain
  15. Name 3 types of arthritis (GOR): Gouty arthritis Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid arthritis
  1. Osteoarthritis definition: synovial joints, especially weight-bearing joints, are irritated and inflamed due to wear and tear of the joint structure.
  2. 4 Causes of osteoarthritis: 1. Ligaments become loose causing the joint to become unstable.
  3. Repetitive pounding stress such as running with inadequate support 3.Hormonal imbalances and nutritional deficiencies, compromising the health of joint
  1. What is High uric acid caused by?: It is caused by eating red meat, lentils, alcohol, or low functioning kidneys.
  1. Massage indications for gouty arthritis: 1. Receive medical clearance
  2. In the subacute stage or remission, massage is locally contraindicated
  3. Where do herniated discs usually occur?: In the lumbar or cervical spine
  4. Symptoms of a herniated disc: Neck or back pain Numbness and tingling or pain down the limb of the impinged nerve
  5. Mal- occlusion: A dysfunctional bite
  6. Bruxism: Teeth grinding
  7. 8 signs and symptoms of TMJ: Jaw, neck, and shoulder pain Limited range of motion Popping in the jaw Locking of the joint Ear pain Headaches Chronic misalignment of cervical vertebrae Muscular hypertonicity
  8. What kind of disease is Lupus?: an auto-immune disease
  9. Bursae: Small, closed sacks of connective tissue, lined with synovial mem- brane and filled with synovial fluid.
  10. 2 effects of bursitis: Pain and Limited mobility
  11. Weaver's bottom: Burstitis on the ischial tuberosity
  12. Causes of bursitis: 1. Repetitive movement
  13. Comorbidities such as tendinitis, arthritis or infection
  14. Symptoms of bursitis: HELP Heat Edema Limited range of motion Pain upon passive or active movement
  15. Massage indications for bursitis: Massage is locally contraindicated. Mas- sage is indicated for the rest of the body. If the bursitis is caused by the infection, massage is systematically contraindicated until the infection is gone. Subacute stage massage can be very effective.
  16. Where is the plantar fascia found?: From the calcaneus to the metatarsals on the plantar surface of the foot
  17. Causes of plantar fasciitis: 1. overuse and stress plantar fascia due to mis- alignment bone spur at the attachment to calcaneus
  1. 9 treatments for plantar faciitis: 1. Orthotics for all shoes incloding bedroom slippers 2.the patient should never go barefoot 3.a night splint to hold the foot in a slightly dorsiflexed position 4.NSAIDS 5.ice 6.stretching of the calf muscles 7.deep tissue massage of the calf muscles inflammation 8.coricosteroid injections to reduce 9.surgery as last ditch effort
  2. What causes the pain that accompanies plantar faciitis?: Immobility of the foot for several hours
  3. Massage indications for plantar faciitis: Massage helps release the deep calf muscles. It helps decrease the growth of scar tissue.
  4. Where does tendinitis typically occur?: At the musculotendinous junction or at tenoperiosteal junction
  5. 2 common symptoms of acute tendinitis: heat and swelling
  6. in which 2 areas is acute tendinitis typically found?: at the Achilles tendon and Posterior tibialis tendon
  7. Which are more elastic - muscles or tendons?: muscles
  8. massage indications for tendinitis: During the acute stage, do not massage and allow the body to clean up the debris and lay down new fibers. In the sub-acute stage, massage can help stimulate nonvascularized tendons. It can also improve range of motion and relieve pain, even in years old injuries. Note that year old injuries cannot be reversed but they can be improved with massage.
  9. list 3 types of joints: Synarthrotic Amphiarthrotic Diarthrotic
  10. What type of movement does a Synarthrotic joint do? Provide an exam- ple.: immovable, like the skull
  11. What type of movement does a Amphiarthrotic joint do? Provide an example.: Semi movable, like the pubic symphysis 131. What type of movement does a Diarthrotic joint do? Provide an example- : Movable, like the elbow.
  12. Populations most affected by osteoporosis: Small boned, thin women Asian or Caucasian women

Women who haven't had children Women who are post-menopausal Women who are anorexic

  1. What does a third degree burn look like?: Dry, discolored, leathery skin, does not blister, usually PAINLESS but not always, does not blanch. The burn site may appear white or charred.