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i. Transaction Processing Systems - collect, store, modify and retrieve the transactions of an organisation. A transaction is an event that generates or modifies data that is eventually stored on an information system. The main information processes are collecting and storing.
Characteristics of a TPS are:
Rapid response- fast performance with a rapid response is critical. input must become output in seconds so customers don it wait.
Reliability - organizations rely heavily on their tps with failure possibly stopping business. back-up and recovery procedures must be quick and accurate.
Inflexibility - a tps wants every transaction processed in the same way regardless of user or time. if it were flexible there would be too many opportunities for non-standard operations.
Controlled processing- the processing must support an organization’s operations
ii. Management information system is a set of systems which helps management at different levels to take better decisions by providing the necessary information to managers. Management information system is not a monolithic entity but a collection of systems which provide the user with a monolithic feel as far as information delivery, transmission and storage is concerned.
MIS Functions
The broad functions of MIS are as given below:
- To improve decision-making: MIS helps management by providing background information on a variety of issues and helps to improve the decision-making quality of management. The fast and accurate information supplied by MIS is leveraged by the managers to take quicker and better decisions thereby improving the decision-making quality and adding to the bottom line of the company.
- To improve efficiency: MIS helps managers to conduct their tasks with greater ease and with better efficiency. This reflects in better productivity for the company.
- To provide connectivity: MIS provides managers with better connectivity with the rest of the organization.
Characteristics
Management oriented
One important feature of MIS is that MIS is designed top-down. This means that the system is designed around the need felt by the management at different levels for information. The focus of the system is to satisfy the information needs of management.
Management directed
Since MIS is 'for the' management it is imperative that it also should have a very strong 'by the' management initiative. Management is involved in the designing process of MIS and also in its continuous review and up gradation to develop a good qualitative system. The system is
structured as per directions factored by management. This helps in minimizing the gap between expectations of management form the system and the actual system.
Integrated
MIS is an integrated system. It is integrated with all operational and functional activities of management. This is an important characteristic and- requirement for a system to qualify as MIS. The reason for having an integrated system is that information in the managerial context for decision-making may be required from different areas from within the organization. If MIS remains a collection of isolated systems and each satisfying a small objective, then the integrated information need of managers will not be fulfiller. In order to provide a complete picture of the scenario, complete information is needed which only an integrated system can provide.
Common data flows
Through MIS the data being stored into the system, retrieved from the system, disseminated within the system or processed by the system can be handled in an integrated manner. The integrated approach towards data management will result in avoiding duplication of data, data redundancy and will help to simplify operations.
Strategic planning
MIS cannot be designed overnight. It requires very high degree of planning which goes into creating an effective organization. The reason for this kind of planning is to ensure that the MIS being built not only satisfies the information need of the managers today but can also serve the organization for the next five to ten years with modifications. Sometimes when the planning part is done away with, systems tend to perform well in the present but they tend to become obsolete with time. Planning helps to avoid this problem.
Bias towards centralization
MIS is required to give 'one version of the truth', i.e., it must supply the correct version of the latest information. There is a requirement for the data repository to be centralized. Centralized data management helps MIS to exercise version control as well as provide an integrated common view of data to the managers. In a non-centralized system, data will get entered, updated and deleted from the system from different locations. In such a case it becomes difficult to provide correct information to managers.
iii. Decision support systems
Advantages
Time savings. For all categories of decision support systems, research has demonstrated and substantiated reduced decision cycle time, increased employee productivity and more timely information for decision making. The time savings that have been documented from using computerized decision support are often substantial. Researchers, however, have not always demonstrated that decision quality remained the same or actually improved.
Enhance effectiveness. A second category of advantage that has been widely discussed and examined is improved decision making effectiveness and better decisions. Decision quality and decision making effectiveness are however hard to document and measure. Most researches have examined soft measures like perceived decision quality rather than objective measures. Advocates of building data warehouses identify the possibility of more and better analysis that can improve decision making.
Easy to Develop and Deploy : DSS delivers an interactive, scalable platform for rapidly developing and deploying projects. Multiple projects can be created within a single shared metadata. Within each project, development teams create a wide variety of re-usable metadata objects.
iv: Office automation systems is a widely used term today. It generally means the application
of computer and communication technology to improve the productivity of ‚knowledge works‛.
Advantages
Increased productivity
Greater accuracy
Lower clerical cost
Continuously decreasing cost
Decreasing size and increasing capabilities
Quality and flexibility of outputs
v. An Executive Information System can be defined as a specialized Decision Support System.
This type of the system generally includes the various hardware, software, data, procedures and
the people. With the help of all this, the top level executives get a great support in taking and
performing the various types of the decisions.
Characteristics
Flexibility and ease of use.
Provides the timely information with the short response time and also with the quick retrieval.
Produces the correct information.
Produces the relevant information.
Produces the validated information.
Consists of the sophisticated self help.
Contains the user friendly interfaces consisting of the graphic user.
Can be used from many places
Advantages
Achievement of the various organizational objectives.
Facilitates access to the information by integrating many sources of the data.
Facilitates broad, aggregated perspective and the context.
Offers broad highly aggregated information.
User’s productivity is also improved to a large extent.
Communication capability and the quality are increased.
Provides with the better strategic planning and the control.
Facilitates pro active rather than a reactive response.
Provides the competitive advantage.
Encourages the development of a more open and active information culture.
The cause of a particular problem can be founded.
b. Four level pyramid model
A four level pyramid model of different types of Information Systems based on the different levels of hierarchy in an organization.
The first level represents transaction processing systems for workers.
The second level represents management information systems for middle managers.
The third level represents decision support systems for senior menegers.
The fourth level represents executive information systems for executives.
This triangle chart example is included in the Pyramid Diagrams solution from Marketing area of ConceptDraw Solution Park.
similarly to the non-virtual environment. There are some applications that do not adapt well to the virtualized environment – this is something that your IT staff will need to be aware of and address prior to converting.
