trace elements essential for the body, Essays (university) of Biology

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Trace Elements

Dr Manjuprasad Moderater:Dr Ravichandra V

Overview

• (^) Introduction
• (^) Classification
• (^) Individual trace elements
• (^) conclusion

Classification

• (^) Essential trace elements Iron, zinc, copper Co, Cr, fluoride, iodide, Mn, Mo, & Se
• (^) Probably essential trace elements Ni, tin, vanadium, Si, Bo
• (^) Non essential trace elements Al, Au, Ba, Br, lead, silver, mercury, rubidium, strontium, titanium, ziroconium,

Essential trace elements

• (^) Trace elements Iron, zinc and copper
• (^) Ultra trace elements Manganese, selenium, cobalt, chromium, fluoride, iodine, and molybdenum

• (^) Iron dependent enzymes: Cytochrome oxidase, xanthine oxidase and peroxidase
• (^) Body requirement Daily requirement – 0.5 - 2 mg/day 3 - 5mg/day (pregnancy) Daily excretion – 0.9mg/day 1.3mg/day (during menses)

• (^) Dietary source: Leafy greens, whole grains, beans , pulses, liver, spleen, mollusks
• (^) Iron is absorbed in ferrous form, which is measurable in blood as free iron

Ferritin

• (^) Protein having 24 subunits binds to 4000 iron molecules
• (^) Measurements used to assess iron stores in the body
• (^) ↑ferritin levels may be seen in hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic carcinoma also in leukemia, NHL
• (^) RIA, ELISA chemiluminescence

• (^) Oral preparations of iron: Ferrous sulphate Ferrous fumerate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous succinate Iron calcium complex Ferric ammonium citrate Adverse effects: epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, gastritis, metallic taste, constipation or diarrhea Liquid prep- staining of teeth

• (^) Parenteral preparations: Iron dextran Iron sorbitol citric acid complex
• (^) Adverse effects: Pain at injection site, pigmentation Fever, headache, palpitations, anaphylaxis

Zinc

• (^) Second most abundant trace element
• (^) Cofactor – DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase Regulate- growth, immune system, collagen synthesis, wound healing, bone metabolism, reproduction, taste, smell & vision

• (^) Reduce the time period of diarrhea
• (^) High dose of zinc prevents dysmenorrhea
• (^) Zinc required in producing testosterone
• (^) For common cold
• (^) In treatment of warts

• (^) Zinc deficiency: Leukemia, cirrhosis, hepatitis, sickle cell anemia, Malnutrition Symptoms: In children- growth retardation & skeletal abnormalities In adults- ↓smell & taste, ↓appetite, skin lesions, and hair loss

Zinc deficiency is also associated with

• (^) Acrodermatitis enteropathica
• (^) Anorexia
• (^) Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
• (^) Cognitive and motor impairement
• (^) Diarrhea and pneumonia Treatment:
• (^) Zinc supplements 45 – 100mg/day